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• Naturally Occurring IgM Antibodies to Oxidation-Specific Epitopes.- Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies to Apoptotic Cells.- Naturally Occurring Antibodies Directed against Carbohydrate Tumor Antigens.- Naturally Occurring Antibodies as Therapeutics for Neurologic Disease: Can Human Monoclonal IgMs Replace the Limited Resource IVIG?.- Nature and Nurture of Catalytic Antibodies.- Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies in Mediating Clearance of Senescent Red Blood Cells.- Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies against b-Amyloid.- Multi-Faceted Role of Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies in Fighting Pathogens.- Immunoregulation by Naturally Occurring and Disease-Associated Autoantibodies: Binding to Cytokines and their Role in Regulation of T-Cell Responses.- Modulation of Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells by Naturally Occurring Antibodies.- Control of B Cells Expressing Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies.- Granulocyte Death Regulation by Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies.- Naturally Occurring Autoantibodies Mediate Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Tissue Injury.- How Immune Complexes from Certain IgG NAbs and any F(ab')2 can Mediate Excessive Complement Activation.- The Natural Autoantibody Repertoire in Newborns and Adults: A Current Overview.- Antibody Polyspecificity: What Does It Matter?.- Positive and Negative Selection of Natural Autoreactive B Cells.- Naturally Occurring Antibodies/Autoantibodies in Polyclonal Immunoglobulin Concentrates.
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This volume illustrates the functional properties of NAbs. Authors from pioneering groups report in their chapters on the tissue homeostatic, tissue regenerating and regulatory properties of NAbs and NAbs in pooled human IgG. Scientists interested in the regulation and modulation of components of the immune system found a whole variety of NAbs to cytokines with regulatory and protective functions and NAbs that modulate, e.g., dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, B cells and granulocytes. Considering the large plasma pools and initial difficulties in preparing IVIG that does not induce adverse effects upon infusion into recipients, this volume ends with a historical chapter on how pooled human plasma was fractionated and the IgG component pretreated for a safe intravenous application.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I Macrophage: Origin, Activation And Polarization.- Blood monocytes and their subsets in health and disease.- Polarized activation of macrophages.- Alternative activation of macrophages: concepts and prospects.- Regulatory macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis.- Part II Macrophages And Their Diverse Functions.- Phagocytosis.- The antimicrobial functions of macrophages.- Vascular modulatory functions of macrophages.- Part III Macrophages In Different Tissues.- Airway macrophages: sentinels of health.- Microglial ontogeny and functions in shaping brain circuits.- Kupffer cells in health and disease.- Intestinal Macrophages: Specialized antigen-presenting cells at the front line.- Part IV Macrophages In Pathology.- The wound macrophage - Macrophages and the entrance of resolution phase lipid mediators.- Macrophages in sepsis progression.- Adaptive characteristics of innate immune responses in macrophages.- African trypanosomiasis as paradigm for involvement of the mononuclear phagocyte system in pathogenicity during parasite infection.- Macrophages in obesity and insulin resistance.- Macrophages govern the progression and termination of inflammation in atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases.- Myelomonocytic subsets in tumor microenvironment.- Tumor associated macrophages.- Part V Transcriptional And Epigenetic Mechanisms.- Role of NF-kB activation in macrophages.- Interferon Regulatory Factors: Role in transcriptional regulation of macrophage plasticity and activation.- Kruppel-like factors in Monocyte-Macrophage Biology.- Regulation of macrophage polarization by the STAT-SOCS signaling axis.- Functions of the large Maf transcription factors and macrophages.- The Control of Gene Expression in Macrophages.- Role of microRNA in macrophage activation and polarization.- Part VI Systems Biology Of Macrophages.- The macrophage transcriptome.- Omics approaches in macrophage biology.- Appendix.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Macrophages are a key component of the innate immune system and play an integral role in host defense and homeostasis. On one hand, these cells contribute to host defence by triggering inflammation, displaying microbicidal/tumoricidal properties, regulating the activation of adaptive immunity and promoting resolution of inflammation. On the other hand, they contribute to essential trophic functions such as neural patterning, bone morphogenesis and ductal branching in mammary glands. Thus, macrophages are extremely versatile cells that can respond efficiently to tissue micro environmental cues by polarizing to distinct phenotypes, depending on the functions they need to perform. Indeed, functional diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of these cells. Macrophages may also play a detrimental role. An overwhelming body of literature has indicated their crucial role in pathogenesis. The list includes sepsis, cancer, metabolic syndrome, immunodeficiency, auto-immune disease-virtually impacting every major pathology that we know. These observations have suggested macrophages and their related molecules as potential targets in therapeutic applications. Available evidence proclaims macrophages as a key player in homeostasis, host defense and disease. Crucial developments in the past few years call for a re-evaluation and update of our understanding of macrophages. The present book is an endeavour that attempts provide state-of-the art knowledge of these cells in health and disease.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Invasion and Dissemination
• Treponema pallidum Dissemination; Facilitating Immune Evasion and Bacterial Persistence / Simon Houston, Caroline E. Cameron
• Immunoseclusion and Chronic Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi / Robert D. Gilmore Jr.
• Immune Evasion
• Treponema denticola: FhbB, Dentilisin, Complement Evasion and the Paradox of Factor H Cleavage / John V. McDowell, Daniel P. Miller, Katherine L. Mallory
• Borrelial Complement-Binding Proteins / Peter Kraiczy, Reinhard Wallich
• Treponema pallidum Repeat (tpr) Genes and Antigenic Variation / Lorenzo Giacani, Arturo Centurion-Lara
• Antigenic Variation of VlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi / Troy Bankhead
• Modulation of Cytokine Signaling by B. burgdorferi / Vida A. Dennis, Aarti Gautam, Saurabh Dixit
• Leptospira: Invasion, Pathogenesis and Persistence / Syed M. Faisal, Sean P. McDonough, Yung-Fu Chang
• Immune Resistance by Relapsing Fever Spirochetes / Monica E. Embers, Job E. Lopez
• Persistence
• Neuroborreliosis Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: Possible Role of Glial Cells / Mario T. Philipp, Geeta Ramesh, Geetha Parthasarathy
• Antibiotic Resistance in Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the Syphilis Agent / Lola V. Stamm
• Borrelia burgdorferi Persistence Post-antibiotic Treatment / Monica E. Embers, Stephen W. Barthold.

• Part I. Invasion and dissemination
• Part II. Immune evasion
• Part III. Persistence.

This book explores the many mechanisms by which the most prevalent Spirochetal pathogens persist in a healthy immune-competent host. Among them are the direct and indirect suppression of host immune signals, phase and antigenic variation, escaping recognition by host complement proteins, and seclusion into immune privileged sites. We also explore antibiotic therapy for control of infection, a baffling topic that lends itself to exalted interpretation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Janice M. Reichert: Foreword
• Roland Kontermann: Bispecific antibodies: developments and current perspectives
• Gerd Moldenhauer: Bispecific antibodies from hybrid hybridoma
• Diego Ellerman & Justin Scheer: Generation of bispecific antibodies by chemical conjugation
• Christoph Stein, Ingo Schubert & Georg Fey: Trivalent and trispecific antibody derivatives for cancer therapy
• Dafne Müller & Roland Kontermann: Diabodies, single-chain diabodies and their derivatives
• Patrick Chames & Daniel Baty: Bispecific single domain antibodies
• John Löfblom & Fredrik Y. Frejd: Alternative scaffolds as bispecific antibody mimetics
• Nico Mertens: Tribodies: building trispecificity by Fab-scFv fusions
• Pei Jin & Zhenping Zhu: The design and engineering of IgG-like bispecific antibodies
• Edit Tarcsa, Wolfgang Fraunhofer, Tariq Ghayur, Jochen Salfeld & Jijie Gu: Dual-variable-domain immunoglobulin (DVD-IgTM) technology: a versatile, novel format for the next generation of dual-targeting biologics
• Patrick Koenig & Germaine Fuh: Two-in-one antibodies
• Chien-Hsing Chang, Edmund A. Rossi, Robert Sharkey & David M. Goldenberg: The Dock-and-Lock (DNL) approach to novel bispecifc antibodies
• Christian Kellner, Matthias Peipp & Thomas Valerius: Effector cell recruitment by bispecific antibodies
• Lawrence Lum & Archana Thakur: Bispecific anibodies for arming activated T cells and other effector cells for tumor therapy
• Patrick Baeuerle, Gerhard Zugmaier & Dominik Rüttinger: Bispecific T cell engager for cancer therapy
• Horst Lindhofer, Jürgen Hess & Peter Ruf: Trifunctional Triomab® antibodies for cancer therapy
• Bruno Robert, Christel Larbouret, David Azria, Jean-Pierre Mach & André Pèlegrin: Bispecific antibodies for the retargeting of cytokines
• Dirk Nettelbeck: Bispecific antibodies and gene therapy
• Archana Parashar, Susmita Sarkar, Advaita Ganguly, Saikiran Sharma & Mavanur R. Suresh: Bispecific antibodies for diagnostic applications.

The concept of using bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy by retargeting immune effector cells was developed more than 25 years ago. However, initial clinical studies were rather disappointing mainly due to low efficacy, severe side effects and the immunogenicity of the bispecific antibodies. A deeper understanding of effector cell biology and especially developments in the field of antibody engineering has led to the generation of new classes of bispecific antibodies capable of circumventing many of these obstacles. Furthermore, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies, such as pre-targeting strategies in radioimmunotherapy and dual targeting approaches in order to improve binding, selectivity and efficacy. In this book, the different means of generating bispecific antibodies are described, with an emphasis on recombinant formats, and information on the various applications of bispecific antibodies, e.g. in cellular cancer immunotherapy, radioimmunotherapy and pretargeting strategies, but also on emerging applications such as dual targeting strategies, i.e., the simultaneous inhibition of two targets (cytokines, receptors, etc.) are provided. This book is intended for a broad readership in the field of antibody engineering, mainly from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector, but also including academic researchers working in this field.

• Some Thoughts on the Future of Idiotype Vaccines
• Stimulation of Lymphocytic Clones by Anti-Idiotypic AntiBodies: Basis for Development of Idiotypic Vaccines
• Small Human VH Gene Families Show Remarkably Little Polymorphism
• Anti-Idiotypic Vaccines for Carbohydrate Antigens
• Characterization of Idiotypic Reagents as Antigen Surrogates of a Human Tumor- Associated Antigen
• Anti-Idiotype Tumor Vaccines
• Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies as Potential Viral Vaccines
• Utilization of Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies as Molecular Probes of Virus-Receptor Interaction
• Anti-Idiotype Antibodies: An Alternative Approach for Immunoprophylaxis Against Parasites
• Idiotype Vaccines by Antibody Engineering: Structural and Functional Considerations
• Index.

With Anti-Idiotypic Vaccines, the third volume in the new series "Progress in Vaccinology", Pierre-Andr Cazenave has assembled ten invited critical reviews by leading researchers in the fields of immunology and vaccinology. Since the network hypothesis was first elaborated by Niels Jerne, the concept of internal images and idiotype has stimulated considerable research and discussion, in particular the design of more efficient vaccination methods than traditional procedures provide. In this volume both fundamental aspects and practical applications of idiotype for vaccines are considered. Anti-Idiotypic Vaccines first establishes a conceptual framework, then considers animal models for specific idiotypic reagents, including their role as potential tumor and viral vaccines. Other topics in- clude: relevance of idiotypic vaccines to carbohydrate antigens; implications of human VH gene family polymorphism for idiotype; novel approaches to immunoprophylaxis against parasites; and structural and functional manipulation of anti-idiotypes by antibody engineering. This book will be valuable to professional immunologists and vaccinologists, as well as to other molecular and cell biologists studying the immune system.

• 1 Antibodies and Synthetic Vaccines against Shigella O-Antigens
• 2 Synthetic Oligosaccharide Bacterial Antigens to Produce Monoclonal Antibodies for Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Using Bacillus anthracis as a Case Study
• 3 The Role of Sialic acid in the Formation of Protective Conformational Bacterial Polysaccharide Epitopes
• 4 Antibody Recognition of Chlamydia LPS: Structural Insights of Inherited Immune Responses.- 5 Designing a Candida albicans Conjugate Vaccine by Reverse Engineering Protective Monoclonal Antibodies.- 6 Binding Properties, Structural Significances and Production of the Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12.- 7 Immune Recognition of Parasite Glycans
• 8 Human IgE Antibodies against Cross-reactive Carbohydrate Determinants.- 9 Structural Glycobiology of Antibody Recognition in Xenotransplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy
• 10 Carbohydrate Mimetic Peptide Vaccines
• 11 Antitumor Vaccines Based on Mucin Glycopeptides
• 12 Glycan Microarray Analysis of Tumor Specific Antibodies
• 13 Mannose-6-phosphate Specific Antibody and its Use in Diagnostics of Mucolipidosis
• 14 Anti-Glycolipid Antibodies in Guillain-Barré Syndrome and related Neurapathies: Therapeutic Strategies for Disease Treatment
• 15 Computational Techniques Applied to Defining Carbohydrate Antigenicity
• 16 The Interaction of Saccharides with Antibodies. A 3D View using NMR
• 17 Determination of Antibody Affinity by Surface Plasmon Resonance.

Anticarbohydrate Antibodies -- from molecular basis to clinical application compiles current knowledge on the immunological recognition of carbohydrates by the adaptive immune system from a molecular perspective providing fundamental insight needed for advancing clinically relevant diagnostics and therapeutic applications. Based on significant progress in the fields of glycoimmunology and structural biology in recent years, the book comprehensively reviews the state-of-the-art in defining the key elements of carbohydrate recognition by antibodies, the molecular mimicry of carbohydrate epitopes as well as the molecular features leading to specific and relaxed binding modes. Backed-up by a combination of modern technologies to elucidate structural details of carbohydrate-antibody interactions, biomedically important carbohydrate antigens from viral, bacterial, parasite, insect and tumor cells have been analyzed in in-depth reviews written by well-known experts in the field. Fundamental knowledge of these molecular mechanisms eventually provides a rational basis to improve efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines and to further refine diagnostic tools in detection of pathogens and malignant cells.

• Preface
• Part I? Lyophilization History and Fundamentals
• History of Lyophilization
• Heterogeneity of protein environments in frozen solutions and in the dried state
• Advance understanding of buffer behavior during lyophilization
• Advances in Instrumental Analysis Applied to the Development of Lyophilization Cycles
• New Developments in Controlled Nucleation: Commercializing VERISEQ® Nucleation technology
• Part II? Lyophilized Biologics and Vaccines? Modality Considerations
• Lyophilized Biologics
• Lyophilization of Therapeutic Proteins in Vials
• Process Scale-up and Advances in Quality by Design
• Advances in Process Analytical Technology in Freeze Drying
• Process Scale-up and Optimization of Lyophilized Vaccine Products
• Stabilization of Plasmid DNA and Lipid-based Therapeutics as Dehydrated Formulations
• Part III? Advances in Alternate Drying
• Alternatives to Vial Lyophilization
• Spray Drying of Biopharmaceuticals
• Current Trends and Advances in Bulk Crystallization and Freeze Drying of Biopharmaceuticals
• Case Studies and Examples of Biopharmaceutical Modalities
• Processed by Bulk Crystallization or Bulk Freeze Drying
• Part IV? Regulatory, Packaging and Technology Transfer Considerations
• Lyophilization of Biologics
• An FDA Perspective
• Recent Trends in Lyophilized Delivery Devices and Packaging
• Lyophilization Technology Transfer towards Product Launch.

This book provides a detailed account of the most recent developments, challenges and solutions to seamlessly advance and launch lyophilized biologics or vaccine products, based on diverse modalities, ranging from antibodies (e.g., monoclonal, fusion), complex biologics (e.g., antibody drug conjugates, PEGylated proteins) and vaccines (e.g., recombinant protein based). The authors adeptly guide you through everything you need to know, from biophysical and chemical stability considerations of proteins, to critical assessment during process scale-up, technology transfer, packaging, alternate drying and device selection for a successful process validation, regulatory submission and launch of a stable, safe and effective product. Lyophilized Biologics and Vaccines: Modality-Based Approaches serves as a reference to all critical assessments and steps from early pre-formulation stages to product launch: Provides recent understanding of heterogeneity of protein environment in frozen systems, buffer stabilization, instrumental analysis and controlled ice nucleation technology Details product development strategies based on diverse modalities of biologics and vaccines, including plasmid DNA and lipid-based therapeutics Recent updates on quality-by-design and process analytical technology approaches, illustrated by case studies and FDA perspective Provides the latest account of alternate drying technologies including spray drying and bulk freeze-drying Chapters are written by one or more world-renowned leading authorities from academia, industry or regulatory agencies, whose expertise cover lyophilization of the diverse modalities of biopharmaceuticals. Their contributions are based on the exhaustive review of literature coupled with excellent hands-on experiences in laboratory or GMP setup, making this an exceptional guide to all stages of lyophilized or dehydrated product development and commercial manufacturing. Dushyant B. Varshney, Ph. D., has made significant contributions in manufacturing science and technology, due diligence, tech transfer, product and process development (including lyophilization), quality-by-design and process analytical technologies for biologics, vaccines and small molecules. He is currently a Director of Manufacturing Assessment, MS & T at Hospira Inc. Manmohan Singh, Ph. D., is a well-known expert in the area of vaccine formulations and adjuvant research and has been working in vaccine R & D for the last 20 years. He is currently the Head of Global Drug Product Development at Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics in Holly Springs, NC.

• ""Mucosal Vaccines""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Contributors""; ""112 Mucosal Delivery Routes for Optimal Immunization: Targeting Immunity to the Right Tissues""; ""Abstract""; ""1â€?Introduction""; ""2â€?Mucosal Vaccines: An Unmet Need""; ""2.1 Considerations in Selecting a Mucosal or Parenteral Vaccine Delivery Route""; ""3â€?Compartmentalization and Cell Migration in the Mucosal Immune System""; ""3.1 Induction of Mucosal Immune Responses""; ""3.2 Tissue-Specific Homing of Mucosal Lymphocytes""; ""4â€?Mucosal Effector Sites Associated with Vaccination Routes""

• ""4.1 Intestinal, Nasal, and Vaginal Vaccination""""4.2 Sublingual Vaccination""; ""4.3 Transcutaneous Vaccination""; ""4.4 Parenteral Vaccination""; ""5â€?â€?â€?Tropical Barriersâ€?â€? to Mucosal Vaccines""; ""6â€?Surrogates of Mucosal Vaccine-Induced Immunity""; ""7â€?Perspectives""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""References""; ""113 Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Transcutaneous Vaccines""; ""Abstract""; ""1â€?Introduction""; ""2â€?Transport of Antigen Through the Skin""; ""3â€?Immune-Responsive Cells in the Skin""; ""3.1 Keratinocytes""; ""3.2 Dendritic Cells""; ""3.3 T Cells""

• ""3.4 Other Immune-Responsive Cells""""4â€?Antigen Migration from the Skin""; ""5â€?Adjuvants for Transcutaneous Vaccines""; ""6â€?Mucosal Immune Responses to Transcutaneous Antigens in Murine Models""; ""6.1 Mucosal Antibody Responses in Mice Following TCI""; ""6.2 Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Mice Following TCI""; ""7â€?Mucosal Immune Responses After TCI in Humans""; ""8â€?Conclusion""; ""References""; ""134 M Cell-Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Strategies""; ""Abstract""; ""1â€?Introduction""; ""2â€?Characterization of M Cells in the Aerodigestive Tract""

• ""2.1 Immunobiological Features of M Cells""""2.2 Origin of M Cells""; ""2.3 Role of DC in Aerodigestive Tract""; ""3â€?Targeting Vaccines to Nasal M Cells for Induction of Specific IgA and CTL""; ""4â€?Intestinal M Cell-Targeted Vaccine Strategies""; ""5â€?Targeting M Cells for Induction of Tolerance""; ""6â€?Conclusion and Future Directions""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""References""; ""135 Virus-Like Particles for Antigen Delivery at Mucosal Surfaces""; ""Abstract""; ""1â€?Introduction""; ""2â€?Characteristics of VLP""; ""3â€?Vaccination Strategies""; ""3.1 Traditional Vaccines""

• ""3.2 Virus-Like Particles as a Vaccine Platform""""4â€?Mucosal Immunity, an Overview""; ""5â€?Examples of VLP Vaccines""; ""5.1 Human Papilloma Virus""; ""5.2 Influenza""; ""5.3 Norovirus""; ""5.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus""; ""6â€?Conclusion""; ""References""; ""140 Recent Advances in Microparticle and Nanoparticle Delivery Vehicles for Mucosal Vaccination""; ""Abstract""; ""1â€?Introduction""; ""2â€?Mucosal Immunity to PLG/PLA Polymer-Formulated Microparticle Vaccines""; ""3â€?Modifications of Microparticles for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery""

Most human pathogens utilize mucosal surfaces to access the host. This volume is focused on the development of vaccines which generate immune effectors capable of blocking mucosal entry or peripheral pathogen spread. A critical first step in the design of mucosal vaccines is the selection of administration route. Not all mucosal immunization routes are created equally when it comes to eliciting immune responses in multiple body compartments. This subject and situations when a mucosal route may not be required for vaccine delivery are reviewed here with an emphasis on the sublingual immunization route, which may offer a safer alternative to the nasal route for induction of broadly disseminated immune responses. External host defenses that inhibit entry of microorganisms at mucosal surfaces also pose obstacles to the efficient internalization of mucosally-applied vaccines. Transcutaneous immunization with appropriate adjuvants and permeation enhancers can induce mucosal immune responses and may be advantageous for bypassing these luminal barriers. Other chapters describe strategies for enhancing uptake of mucosal vaccines, for instance through targeted delivery to antigen-sampling M cells, construction of virus-like particles which mimic natural pathogens, addition of mucoadhesives or formulation as nanoparticles. Topics include edible vaccines as well as plant-based production of subunit or particulate vaccines that could be administered by any route. Dry powder vaccines that could be insufflated or directly applied to mucosal surfaces may be particularly ideal for mass vaccination in developing countries. The manufacture, stability and efficacy of powder formulations is comprehensively reviewed. We conclude with chapters on two of the greatest challenges facing mucosal vaccine development: human immunodeficiency virus and bioterrorist agents. This monograph highlights progress and information that should prove invaluable for the development of contemporary vaccines that prevent infection by these and other mucosal pathogens.

• Biology of IgE Production: IgE Cell Differentiation and the Memory of IgE Responses Jin-Shu He, Sriram Narayanan, Sharrada Subramaniam, Wen Qi Ho, Juan J. Lafaille and Maria A. Curotto de Lafaille Molecular Mechanisms of IgE Class Switch Recombination Pei Tong and Duane R. Wesemann Anti-IgE Therapy: Clinical Utility and Mechanistic Insights Stephanie L. Logsdon and Hans C. Oettgen New Insights on the Signaling and Function of the High Affinity Receptor for IgE Ryo Suzuki, Jorg Scheffel, and Juan Rivera Helminth-Induced IgE and Protection Against Allergic Disorders Firdaus Hamid, Abena S. Amoah, Ronald van Ree4, Maria Yazdanbakhsh IgE Immunotherapy Against Cancer Lai Sum Leoh, Tracy R. Daniels-Wells, and Manuel L. Penichet.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This volume examines all facets of the complex biology of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which play an essential role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and immunity to parasites. It highlights the unique mechanisms involved in the regulation of IgE production at both the molecular and cellular level. Furthermore, it discusses in detail novel findings on how the affinity, specificity and cross-reactivity of IgE can fine-tune mast cell responses to allergens. The book also explores the beneficial roles of IgE antibodies in immunity to helminthes and protection against tumors, and how the properties of IgE-mediated immunity are employed in the development of IgE therapeutic antibodies. All chapters were written by respected experts in their fields and will appeal to scientists and clinicians alike.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• An Overview of Antigen Presentation and Its Central Role in the Immune Response.- How Do Endogenous Proteins Become Peptides and Reach the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- Molecular Requirements for Assembly and Intracellular Transport of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules.- Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Complex: From the Structural and Molecular Basis to Pharmacological Principles and Therapeutic Applications.- Immune Response of ?2-Microglobulin-Deficient Mice to Pathogens.- CNS Neurons: The Basis and Benefits of Low Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Expression.- Suppression of MHC Class I Antigen Presentation by Human Adenoviruses.- Herpesvirus Evasion of the Immune System.- Intracellular Transport of Molecules Engaged in the Presentation of Exogenous Antigens.- Biologic Consequences of Defective Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Presentation.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Antigen presentation is central to the immune response, and is instrumental in ensuring that the response mounted is that best suited to the eradication of the particular microbe faced. In this volume, experts in the field provide state-of-the-art descriptions of the antigen presentation pathways. How do viruses disrupt these critical pathways, and to what effect? Do all tissues present antigen in the same way? If not, why? What are the consequences of dysfunctional antigen presentation, seen in certain genetic disorders? This book considers not only the molecular details, but also their relevance to the whole organism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Multiple Sclerosis as a Scientific Problem.-
• 2. History of the Attempts to find the Origin of Multiple Sclerosis.-
• 3. The Problem of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy also known as "Mad Cow Disease" in the United Kingdom.-
• 4. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis as a Model of Multiple Sclerosis.-
• 5. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Comparison between the "Prion" Hypothesis in EAE and BSE Point to Acinetobacter Bacteria.-
• 6. Molecular Sequences in EAE and BSE Point to Acinetobacter Bacteria.-
• 7. Autoantibodies to Brain Components and Antibodies to Acinetobacter are Present in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.-
• 8. Antibodies to Acinetobacter Bacteria but not to other Microbes are Present in Animals with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.-
• 9. An Ante-Mortem Test for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy involving "Myelin-Acinetobacer-Neurofilaments" (MAN) Tested in 12 Strains of Acinetobacter Bacteria.-
• 10. Antibodies to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas Bacteria in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.-
• 11. Antibodies to Acinetobater and Pseudomonas Bacteria in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.-
• 12. Antibodies to Acinetobacter Peptide Sequences Resembling Meylin and Neurofilaments in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.-
• 13. The Myelin Acinetobacter Neurofilament Index in an Attempt to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis.-
• 14. Antibodies to Short Synthetic Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas Peptide Sequences Resembling Myelin and Neurofilaments in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.-
• 15. Antibodies to Acinetobacter and Myelin in Multiple Sclerosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients.-
• 16. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and its Variants.-
• 17. Sinusitis in Multiple Sclerosis and Acinetobacter.-
• 18. The Theory that Multiple Sclerosis, CJD and BSE are Caused by Acinetobacter.-
• 19. The Scientific Method of Sir Karl Popper.-
• 20. Multiple Sclerosis and "Popper Sequences".
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The aim of this book is to publicise and bring to a wider audience the concept that the cause of two neurological diseases, namely multiple sclerosis (MS) and "mad cow disease" also known as "bovine spongiform encephalopathy" are related through exposure to a common microbe Acinetobacter which is found in human sinuses, on skin and in the soil. An infection is the cause of a neurological disease in man and in animals. Elevated levels of antibodies to Acinetobacter have been found in multiple sclerosis patients as well as in ruminants who have been described as suffering from "mad cow disease" following exposure to contaminated feed supplements. The overall objective and scope of this book is to inform the audience, the reader, that multiple sclerosis may be linked to a microbe Acinetobacter which carries molecular structures resembling myelin, the outer sheath covering of neurons.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Agent Architectures.- The ARTS Real-Time Agent Architecture.- Reducing Agent Plans to Workflows.- Agent Programming Languages and Methodologies.- Externalisation and Internalization: A New Perspective on Agent Modularisation in Multi-Agent System Programming.- Temporal Planning in Dynamic Environments for P-CLAIM Agents.- Data Driven Language for Agents Secure Interaction.- Programming Social Middleware through Social Interaction Types.- Social Interaction Models.- Detecting Exceptions in Commitment Protocols: Discovering Hidden States.- Verifiable Semantic Model for Agent Interactions Using Social Commitments.- Development Tools for Multi-agent Systems.- Call Graph Profiling for Multi Agent Systems.- Applications.- A Methodology for Developing Self-explaining Agents for Virtual Training.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book contains the proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Languages, Methodologies and Development Tools for Multi-agent Systems (LADS 2009), which took place during September 7-9, 2009 in Turin, Italy. As in its 2007 edition, this workshop was a part of MALLOW, a federation of workshops on Multi-Agent Logics, Languages, and Organizations. The LADS 2009 workshop addressed both theoretical and practical issues related to developing and deploying multi-agent systems. It constituted a rich forum where leading researchers from both academia and industry could share their experiencesonformalapproaches, programminglanguages, methodologies, tools andtechniques supporting the developmentanddeploymentof multi-agent systems.Fromatheoreticalpointofview, LADS2009aimedataddressingissues related to theories, methodologies, models and approaches that are needed to facilitate the development of multi-agent systems ensuring their predictability andveri?cation.Formaldeclarativemodelsandapproacheshavethe potentialof o?ering solutions for the speci?cation and design of multi-agent systems. From a practical point of view, LADS 2009 aimed at stimulating research and d- cussion on how multi-agent system speci?cations and designs can be e?ectively implemented and tested. This book is the result of a strict selection and review process. From 14 papers originally submitted to LADS 2009, and after 2 rounds of reviews, we selected 10 high-quality papers covering important topics related to multi-agent programming technology, such as: agent architectures, programming languages andmethodologies, socialinteractionmodels, developmenttoolsandapplications of multi-agent systems.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cloning of the Antigen-binding Site from Hybridoma.- Cloning of Variable Domains from Mouse Hybridoma by PCR.- Coning Hybridoma cDNA by RACE.- Construction of scFv Fragments from Hybridoma or Spleen Cells by PCR Assembly.- Generation of Antibody Repertoires.- Mouse Immune Libraries for the Generation of ScFv Fragments Directed Against Human Cell Surface Antigens.- Human Antibody Gene Libraries.- Synthetic Antibody Libraries.- Immune Libraries from Nonhuman Primates (NHP).- Generation of Rabbit Immune Libraries.- Selection of Antibody Fragments from Combinatorial Libraries.- Immunotube Selections.- Phage Display and Selection in Microtitre Plates.- Phage Display and Selections on Biotinylated Antigens.- Phage Display and Subtractive Selection on Cells.- Selection of Phage Antibody Libraries for Binding and Internalization into Mammalian Cells.- Improving Phage Display Throughput by Using Hyperphage, Miniaturized Titration and pVIII (g8p) ELISA.- Yeast Display and Selections.- The Generation of Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Antibody Repertoires.- Selection of Antibody Fragments by Means of the Filter-Sandwich Colony Screening Assay.- Semi-automated Magnetic Bead-Based Antibody Selection from Phage Display Libraries.- Engineering and Production of Immunoglobulins.- Aspects of Isotype Selection.- Generation of Heavy and Light Chains (Chimeric Antibodies).- Humanising Antibodies by CDR Grafting.- Humanization by Resurfacing.- Human Antibodies by Guided Selection.- In Silico De-Immunization.- Affinity Maturation by Chain Shuffling and Site Directed Mutagenesis.- Affinity Maturation by Random Mutagenesis and Phage Display.- Engineering of the Fc Region for Improved PK (FcRn Interaction).- Antibody-Dependent Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT).- Production of Recombinant Human IgG Antibodies in the Baculovirus Expression System.- Expression of IgA Molecules in Mammalian Cells.- Antibody Characterization.- Expression of Complete Antibodies in Transgenic Plants.- Expression of Full Length Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) in Algal Chloroplast.- Expression of IgG Antibodies in Mammalian Cells.- Protein A/G Chromatography.- Epitope Analysis Using Synthetic Peptide Repertoires Prepared by SPOT Synthesis Technology.- Epitope Mapping by Printed Peptide Libraries.- Antibody Epitope Mapping Using Yeast Display.- Size Exclusion Chromatography.- Structural Characterization of Antibodies by Mass Spectrometry.- Antibody Glycans Characterization.- Affinity Measurements by Competition ELISA.- Anti-Histidine Antibodies as Tools for Reversible Capturing of His-Tagged Fusion Proteins for Subsequent Binding Analysis.- Affinity Measurements Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM).- Affinity Measurements with Radiolabeled Antibodies.- Neutralization Tests.- Functional Characterization of Antibodies Neutralizing Soluble Factors In Vitro and In Vivo.- Competitive ELISA.- Quantification of Human IgG and Related Fc Fusion Proteins by a Human IgG/Fc Capture ELISA.- Determination of Fc-Mediated Antibody-Effector Functions by Chromium Release Assay.- Binding Studies with Flow Cytometry.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Antibodies are indispensable tools for research, diagnosis, and therapy. Recombinant approaches allow the modification and improvement of nearly all antibody properties, such as affinity, valency, specificity, stability, serum half-life, effector functions, and immunogenicity. "Antibody Engineering" provides a comprehensive toolbox covering the well-established basics but also many exciting new techniques. The protocols reflect the latest 'hands on' knowledge of key laboratories in this still fast-moving field. Newcomers will benefit from the proven step-by-step protocols, which include helpful practical advice; experienced antibody engineers will appreciate the new ideas and approaches. The book is an invaluable resource for all those engaged in antibody research and development.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I. Bioinformatics of Antigen-binding Sites -- 1. Analysis of Single Chain Antibody Sequences Using the VBASE2 Fab Analysis Tool / Svetlana Mollova, Ida Retter, Michael Hust, Stefan Dübel, and Werner Müller -- 2. Standardized Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Using IMGT1 / François Ehrenmann, Patrice Duroux, Véronique Giudicelli, and Marie-Paule Lefranc -- 3. Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains / Andrew C.R. Martin
• Part II. Generation of Antibody Fragments and Their Derivatives -- 4. scFv by Two-Step Cloning / Dafne Müller -- 5. Bivalent Diabodies / Roland E. Kontermann -- 6. Generation of Single-Chain Fv Fragments and Multivalent Derivatives scFv-Fc and scFv-CH3 (Minibodies) / Tove Olafsen, Vania E. Kenanova, and Anna M. Wu -- 7. Miniantibodies / Jonas V. Schaefer, Peter Lindner, and Andreas Plückthun -- 8. Generation of Stably Transfected Eukaryotic Cell Lines Producing ImmunoRNAse Fusion Proteins / Athanasios Mavratzas, Evelyn Exner, Jürgen Krauss, and Michaela A.E. Arndt -- 9. Antibody-Cytokine Fusion Proteins with Members of the TNF-Family / Dafne Müller and Jeannette Gerspach -- 10. Recombinant Immunotoxins for Treating Cancer / Ira Pastan and Mitchell Ho -- 11. T Bodies / Bianca Altvater, Silke Landmeier, and Claudia Rossig -- 12. Expressing Intrabodies in Mammalian Cells / Alessio Cardinale and Silvia Biocca -- 13. Phenotypic Knockdown with Intrabodies / Nina Strebe and Manuela Schüngel -- 14. Disulfide-Stabilized Fv Fragments / Ulrich Brinkmann -- 15. PEGylation of Antibody Fragments to Improve Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics / Arutselvan Natarajan and Sally J. DeNardo -- 16. Fusion Proteins with Improved PK / Roland Stork -- 17. In Vivo Biotinylated scFv Fragments / Laila Al-Halabi and Torsten Meyer -- 18. Bispecific Diabodies and Single-Chain Diabodies / Roland E. Kontermann -- 19. Generation and Characterization of a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin (DVD-IgTM) Molecule / Chengbin Wu, Tariq Ghayur, and Jochen Salfeld -- 20. Isolation of Antigen-Specific Nanobodies / Gholamreza Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh, Dirk Saerens, and Serge Muyldermans -- 21. CDR-FR Peptides / Xiao-Qing Qiu
• Part III. Production of Antibody Fragments -- 22. Purification and Characterization of His-Tagged Antibody Fragments / Martin Schlapschy, Markus Fiedler, and Arne Skerra -- 23. Production of Antibody Fragments in the Gram-Positive Bacterium Bacillus megaterium / Miriam Steinwand, Eva Jordan, and Michael Hust -- 24. Analysis and Purification of Antibody Fragments Using Protein A, Protein G, and Protein L / Remko Griep and John McDougall -- 25. Purification and Analysis of Strep-tagged Antibody-Fragments / Martin Schlapschy and Arne Skerra -- 26. Production of Antibodies and Antibody Fragments in Escherichia coli / Dorothea E. Reilly and Daniel G. Yansura -- 27. Improving Expression of scFv Fragments by Co-expression of Periplasmic Chaperones / Jonas V. Schaefer and Andreas Plückthun -- 28. Bioreactor Production of scFv Fragments in Pichia pastoris / Stephan Hellwig and Georg Melmer -- 29. Expression of Antibody Fragments in Transgenic Plants / Udo Conrad and Doreen M. Floss -- 30. Transient Production of scFv-Fc Fusion Proteins in Mammalian Cells / Thomas Schirrmann and Konrad Büssow
• Part IV. Recombinant Antibody Molecules in Nanobiotechnology and Proteomics -- 31. Immunoliposomes / Sylvia K.E. Messerschmidt, Julia Beuttler, and Miriam Rothdiener -- 32. Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles / Katharina Landfester and Anna Musyanovych -- 33. Antibody Microarrays for Expression Analysis / Christoph Schröder, Anette Jacob, Sven Rüffer, Kurt Fellenberg, and Jörg D. Hoheisel -- 34. Evaluation of Recombinant Antibodies on Protein Microarrays Applying the Multiple Spotting Technique / Zoltán Konthur and Jeannine Wilde
• Part V. Preclinical and Clinical Development -- 35. Xenograft Mouse Models for Tumour Targeting / Colin Green, Hakim Djeha, Gail Rowlinson-Busza, Christina Kousparou, and Agamemnon A. Epenetos -- 36. Xenograft Mouse Models for Tumour Targeting / Surinder K. Sharma and R. Barbara Pedley -- 37. Imaging Tumor Xenografts Using Radiolabeled Antibodies / Tove Olafsen, Vania E. Kenanova, and Anna M. Wu -- 38. Human Anti-antibody Response / Natalie L. Griffin, Hassan Shahbakhti, and Surinder K. Sharma
• 39. IP Issues in the Therapeutic Antibody Industry / Ulrich Storz and Alan J. Morrison
• Appendix: Amino Acids and Codons.

Antibodies are indispensable tools for research, diagnosis, and therapy. Recombinant approaches allow the modification and improvement of nearly all antibody properties, such as affinity, valency, specificity, stability, serum half-life, effector functions, and immunogenicity. "Antibody Engineering" provides a comprehensive toolbox covering the well-established basics but also many exciting new techniques. The protocols reflect the latest 'hands on' knowledge of key laboratories in this still fast-moving field. Newcomers will benefit from the proven step-by-step protocols, which include helpful practical advice; experienced antibody engineers will appreciate the new ideas and approaches. The book is an invaluable resource for all those engaged in antibody research and development.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• EvoCOMNET Contributions.- Detection of DDoS Attacks via an Artificial Immune System-Inspired Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm.- Performance Evaluation of an Artificial Neural Network-Based Adaptive Antenna Array System.- Automatic Parameter Tuning with Metaheuristics of the AODV Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks.- WiMAX Network Planning Using Adaptive-Population-Size Genetic Algorithm.- Markov Chain Models for Genetic Algorithm Based Topology Control in MANETs.- Particle Swarm Optimization for Coverage Maximization and Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Efficient Load Balancing for a Resilient Packet Ring Using Artificial Bee Colony.- TCP Modification Robust to Packet Reordering in Ant Routing Networks.- Solving the Physical Impairment Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment Problem in Optical WDM Networks Using a Tabu Search Based Hyper-Heuristic Approach.- A Generalized, Location-Based Model of Connections in Ad-Hoc Networks Improving the Performance of Ant Routing.- Using Code Bloat to Obfuscate Evolved Network Traffic.- ABC Supported Handoff Decision Scheme Based on Population Migration.- EvoENVIRONMENT Contributions.- A Hyper-Heuristic Approach for the Unit Commitment Problem.- Application of Genetic Programming Classification in an Industrial Process Resulting in Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions.- Influence of Topology and Payload on CO2 Optimised Vehicle Routing.- Start-Up Optimisation of a Combined Cycle Power Plant with Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms.- EvoFIN Contributions.- A Study of Nature-Inspired Methods for Financial Trend Reversal Detection.- Outperforming Buy-and-Hold with Evolved Technical Trading Rules: Daily, Weekly and Monthly Trading.- Evolutionary Multi-stage Financial Scenario Tree Generation.- Evolving Dynamic Trade Execution Strategies Using Grammatical Evolution.- Modesty Is the Best Policy: Automatic Discovery of Viable Forecasting Goals in Financial Data.- Threshold Recurrent Reinforcement Learning Model for Automated Trading.- Active Portfolio Management from a Fuzzy Multi-objective Programming Perspective.- Evolutionary Monte Carlo Based Techniques for First Passage Time Problems in Credit Risk and Other Applications in Finance.- Calibrating the Heston Model with Differential Evolution.- Evolving Trading Rule-Based Policies.- EvoMUSART Contributions.- Evolving Artistic Styles through Visual Dialogues.- Graph-Based Evolution of Visual Languages.- Refinement Techniques for Animated Evolutionary Photomosaics Using Limited Tile Collections.- Generative Art and Evolutionary Refinement.- Aesthetic Learning in an Interactive Evolutionary Art System.- Comparing Aesthetic Measures for Evolutionary Art.- The Problem with Evolutionary Art Is ...- Learning to Dance through Interactive Evolution.- Jive: A Generative, Interactive, Virtual, Evolutionary Music System.- A Neural Network for Bass Functional Harmonization.- Combining Musical Constraints with Markov Transition Probabilities to Improve the Generation of Creative Musical Structures.- Dynamic Musical Orchestration Using Genetic Algorithms and a Spectro-Temporal Description of Musical Instruments.- Evolutionary Sound Synthesis: Rendering Spectrograms from Cellular Automata Histograms.- Sound Agents.- From Evolutionary Composition to Robotic Sonification.- Musical Composer Identification through Probabilistic and Feedforward Neural Networks.- EvoTRANSLOG Contributions.- Using an Evolutionary Algorithm to Discover Low CO2 Tours within a Travelling Salesman Problem.- A Genetic Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickup and Delivery Using Depot Removal and Insertion Moves.- Fast Approximation Heuristics for Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problems.- Particle Swarm Optimization and an Agent-Based Algorithm for a Problem of Staff Scheduling.- A Math-Heuristic for the Multi-Level Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem with Carryover.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Evolutionary computation (EC) techniques are e?cient, nature-inspired me- ods based on the principles of natural evolution and genetics. Due to their - ciency and simple underlying principles, these methods can be used for a diverse rangeofactivitiesincludingproblemsolving, optimization, machinelearningand pattern recognition. A large and continuously increasing number of researchers and professionals make use of EC techniques in various application domains. This volume presents a careful selection of relevant EC examples combined with a thorough examination of the techniques used in EC. The papers in the volume illustrate the current state of the art in the application of EC and should help and inspire researchers and professionals to develop e?cient EC methods for design and problem solving. All papers in this book were presented during EvoApplications 2010, which included a range of events on application-oriented aspects of EC. Since 1998, EvoApplications - formerly known as EvoWorkshops - has provided a unique opportunity for EC researchers to meet and discuss application aspects of EC and has been an important link between EC research and its application in a variety of domains. During these 12 years, new events have arisen, some have disappeared, whileothershavematuredtobecomeconferencesoftheirown, such as EuroGP in 2000, EvoCOP in 2004, and EvoBIO in 2007. And from this year, EvoApplications has become a conference as well.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• IP Issues of Therapeutic Antibodies
• Peptide Vaccines and Peptide Therapeutics
• Patent Landscape in Molecular Diagnostics.

SpringerBriefs in Biotech Patents present timely reports of intellectual properties (IP) issues and patent aspects in the field of biotechnology. This new volume in the series focuses on the particular IP issues of therapeutics, vaccines and molecular diagnostics. The first chapter concentrates on basics principles for protecting antibody compounds. Additional ways to create follow-up protection for antibody therapeutics are also discussed. The second chapter gives an overview of the patent landscape in molecular diagnostics, and discusses issues of patentability with respect to the different technologies and compounds used therein. The third chapter gives a broad overview of areas of law that are particularly relevant to the patenting of peptide vaccines and therapeutic peptides as products and in compositions. The scope of patentable subject matter is discussed, as it has been the focus of much wrangling and debate in the courts.