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• Part 1. WSNs Concepts and Applications.-
• Chapter 1. Introduction.-
• Chapter 2. Protocol Stack of WSNs.-
• Chapter 3. WSNs Applications.-
• Chapter 4. Transport Protocols for WSNs.- Chapter 5. Cross-Layer Protocols for WSNs.-
• Part 2. WSNs Experimentation and Analysis.-
• Chapter 6. Testbeds for WSNs.-
• Chapter 7. Simulators and Emulators for WSNs.-
• Part 3. WSNs Manufacturers and Datasheets.-
• Chapter 8. WSNs Manufacturers.-
• Chapter 9. Datasheets.-
• Chapter 10. Takeoff.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The third edition of this hands-on textbook pursues the focus on the principles of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), their applications, their protocols and standards, and their analysis and test tools; a meticulous care has been accorded to the definitions and terminology. To make WSNs felt and seen, the adopted technologies as well as their manufacturers are presented in detail. In introductory computer networking books, chapters sequencing follows the bottom up or top down architecture of the seven layers protocol. This book is some more steps after, both horizontally and vertically, the view and understanding are getting clearer, chapters ordering is based on topics significance to the elaboration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) concepts and issues. This book is intended for a wide audience, it is meant to be help and motivate, for both the senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners; concepts and WSNs related applications are laid out, research and practical issues are backed by appropriate literature, and new trends are put under focus. For senior undergraduate students, it familiarizes with conceptual foundations, applications and practical projects implementations. For graduate students and researchers, energy-efficient routing protocols, transport layer protocols and cross-layering protocols approach are presented. Testbeds and simulators provide a must follow emphasis on the analysis methods and tools for WSNs. For practitioners, besides applications and deployment, the manufacturers and components of WSNs at several platforms and testbeds are fully explored.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• General Introduction.- Fundamental Concepts, Definitions, and Models.- A Planar Percolation-Theoretic Approach to Coverage and Connectivity.- A Spatial Percolation-Theoretic Approach to Coverage and Connectivity.- A Planar Convexity Theory-Based Approach for Connected k-Coverage.- Planar Convexity Theory-Based Approaches for Heterogeneous, On-Demand, and Stochastic Connected k-Coverage.- Spatial Convexity Theory-Based Approaches for Connected k-Coverage.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book aims at developing a reader's thorough understanding of the challenges and opportunities of two categories of networks, namely k-covered wireless sensor networks and k-barrier covered wireless sensor networks. It presents a variety of theoretical studies based on percolation theory, convexity theory, and applied computational geometry, as well as the algorithms and protocols that are essential to their design, analysis, and development. Particularly, this book focuses on the cover, sense, and inform (CSI) paradigm with a goal to build a unified framework, where connected k-coverage (or k-barrier coverage), sensor scheduling, and geographic data forwarding, gathering, and delivery are jointly considered. It provides the interested reader with a fine study of the above networks, which can be covered in introductory and advanced courses on wireless sensor networks. This book is useful to senior undergraduate and graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, electrical engineering, information science, information technology, mathematics, and any related discipline. Also, it is of interest to computer scientists, researchers, and practitioners in academia and industry with interest in these two networks from their deployment until data gathering and delivery.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter.
• 1. IntroductionChapter.
• 2. Wireless Signals and Signal ProcessingChapter.
• 3. Wireless Sensing System ConjurationsChapter.
• 4. Wireless Sensing MethodologiesChapter.
• 5. Case StudiesChapter.
• 6. Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book systematically presents the wireless sensing technology, which has become a promising sensing paradigm in recent years. It includes the introduction of underlying sensing principles, wireless signals, sensing methodologies and enabled applications. Meanwhile, it provides case studies to demonstrate how wireless sensing is applied for representative human and object sensing applications. This book also provides a wireless sensing framework as a guidance to understand and design a wireless sensing system or prototype based on their needs. It also presents a critical investigation of the challenges in achieving wireless sensing in both signal-level and application-level contexts. Accordingly, it summarizes the typical solutions to tackle the related challenges. Researchers and advanced-level students in computer science or electrical engineering working on the design of a wireless system will find this book useful as a reference. Professionals working in the wireless sensing industry will also find this book valuable as a reference tool.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wireless Sensor Network: Applications, Challenges and Algorithms.-
• Section 1: Bio-Inspired Optimization.- A GA based Fault-Aware Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.- GA based Fault Diagnosis Technique for Enhancing Network Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network.- A GA based Intelligent Traffic Management Technique for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks.- Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks using a Neural Network Constructed by Deep Learning Technique.-
• Section 2: Swarm Optimization.- Intelligent Routing in Wireless Sensor Network based on African Buffalo Optimization.- Robust Estimation of Feedback System's Parameter in Wireless Sensor Network using Distributed Particle Swarm Optimization.- On the Development of Energy Efficient Distributed Source Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks using Modified Swarm Intelligence.- Swarm Intelligence Approach for Ad-Hoc & Sensor Networks.-
• Section 3: Multi-Objective Optimization.- A Comparensive Survey of Intelligent-based Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.- A Qualitative Survey on Sensor Node Deployment, Load Balancing & Energy Utilization in Sensor Network.- Bio-Inspired Algorithm for Multi-Objective Optimization in Wireless Sensor Network.- TLBO based Multi-objective Optimization System in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Nature Inspired Algorithms for Reliable, Low-Latency Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks for Pervasive Healthcare Applications.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book presents nature inspired computing applications for the wireless sensor network (WSN). Although the use of WSN is increasing rapidly, it has a number of limitations in the context of battery issue, distraction, low communication speed, and security. This means there is a need for innovative intelligent algorithms to address these issues.The book is divided into three sections and also includes an introductory chapter providing an overview of WSN and its various applications and algorithms as well as the associated challenges. Section 1 describes bio-inspired optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithms (GA), artificial neural networks (ANN) and artificial immune systems (AIS) in the contexts of fault analysis and diagnosis, and traffic management. Section 2 highlights swarm optimization techniques, such as African buffalo optimization (ABO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and modified swarm intelligence technique for solving the problems of routing, network parameters optimization, and energy estimation. Lastly, Section 3 explores multi-objective optimization techniques using GA, PSO, ANN, teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO), and combinations of the algorithms presented. As such, the book provides efficient and optimal solutions for WSN problems based on nature-inspired algorithms.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Front Cover
• Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Overview of WSNs
• 1.2 Research topics in WSNs
• Sensing technology
• Low-power-consumption sensor nodes
• Low-cost sensor nodes
• Wireless communication technology
• Communication protocols
• Node localization
• Time synchronization
• Network security
• Application layer protocols
• 1.3 Applications of WSNs
• Military applications
• Precision agriculture
• Industrial applications
• Environmental monitoring
• Health monitoring
• Smart city

• Civil engineering
• Other applications
• 1.4 Outline of the book
• References
• 2 Point coverage analysis
• 2.1 Coverage in WSNs: elements
• 2.1.1 Sensor sensing models
• 2.1.2 Coverage formulations
• 2.1.3 Deployment approaches
• 2.1.4 Scheduling mechanisms
• 2.2 Point coverage in homogeneous WSNs
• 2.2.1 Point coverage probability
• 2.2.2 Complete coverage vs. point coverage
• 2.2.3 Analysis of boundary effect
• 2.3 Point coverage in heterogeneous WSNs
• 2.3.1 Point coverage probability
• 2.3.2 Optimization
• 2.4 Simulation experiments
• 2.4.1 Homogeneous WSNs

• 2.4.2 Heterogeneous WSNs
• 2.5 Summary
• References
• 3 Percentage coverage schemes
• 3.1 Location-based percentage coverage
• 3.1.1 Occupation area
• 3.1.2 Percentage coverage con guration protocol
• 3.1.3 Simulation and analysis
• Performance test
• Performance comparison: PCCP and CCP
• 3.2 Location-free percentage coverage
• 3.2.1 Occupation area
• 3.2.2 Standing guard protocol
• Description of SGP
• Analysis of SGP performance
• 3.2.3 Simulation and analysis
• Performance test
• Performance comparison: SGP and the three schemes in [21]
• 3.3 Summary
• References

• 4 Dynamic target detection
• 4.1 State switching scheme
• 4.2 Analysis of detection probability
• 4.2.1 Detection probability of an individual sensor
• 4.2.2 Detection probability with given target's path
• 4.2.3 Number of nodes which success in detecting target
• 4.3 Performance optimization
• 4.3.1 Maximizing detection probability with given network lifetime
• 4.3.2 Maximizing network lifetime with budget limit
• 4.4 Summary
• References
• 5 Probabilistic forwarding protocols
• 5.1 Probabilistic forwarding (ProFor)
• 5.1.1 Model description
• Generating the gradient for each node

• 5.1.2 Analysis of relay probability
• 5.1.3 Simulation and analysis
• 5.2 Enhanced probabilistic forwarding (EnProFor)
• 5.2.1 Analysis of relay probability
• 5.2.2 Simulation and analysis
• 5.3 Analysis of energy consumption
• Relaying by sibling nodes
• Simulation and analysis of the number of relays
• Multiple base stations
• Message priority
• 5.4 Summary
• References
• 6 Stochastic scheduling algorithms
• 6.1 Model description
• Upper bound of the lifetime
• 6.2 Stochastic scheduling
• 6.2.1 Analysis of energy consumption
• 6.2.2 Dynamic tuning of working probability

• Front Matter
• Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Overview / Mohsin Raza, Huan X Nguyen
• Life-span Extension for Sensor Networks in the Industry / Metin Ozturk, Mona Jaber, Muhammad A Imran
• Multiple Access and Resource Sharing for Low Latency Critical Industrial Networks / Mohsin Raza, Anas Amjad, Sajjad Hussain
• Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for Industrial Automation / Hassan Malik, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Alar Kuusik, Yannick Le Moullec, Sven Pärand
• Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications as an Enabler For Industry Automation / João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Guodong Zhao, Richard Demo Souza, Muhammad A Imran
• Anomaly Detection and Self-healing in Industrial Wireless Networks / Ahmed Zoha, Qammer H Abbasi, Muhammad A Imran
• Cost Efficiency Optimization for Industrial Automation / Hafiz Husnain Raza Sherazi, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, Gennaro Boggia, Muhammad A Imran
• A Non-Event Based Approach for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring / Ahmed Zoha, Qammer H Abbasi, Muhammad A Imran
• Wireless Networked Control / Zhen Meng, Guodong Zhao
• Caching at the Edge in Low Latency Wireless Networks / Ramy Amer, M Majid Butt, Nicola Marchetti
• Application of Terahertz Sensing at Nano-Scale for Precision Agriculture / Adnan Zahid, Hasan T Abbas, Aifeng Ren, Akram Alomainy, Muhammad A Imran, Qammer H Abbasi
• Index

Presents the components, challenges, and solutions of wireless automation as enablers for industry 4.0 This timely book introduces the state of the art in industrial automation techniques, concentrating on wireless methods for a variety of applications, ranging from simple smart homes to heavy-duty complex industrial setting with robotics accessibility. It covers a wide range of topics including the industrial revolution enablers, applications, challenges, their possible solutions, and future directions. Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution opens with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their applications in various domains, emphasizing industrial wireless networks and their future uses. It then takes a look at life-span extension for sensor networks in the industry, followed by a chapter on multiple access and resource sharing for low latency critical industrial networks. Industrial automation is covered next, as is the subject of ultra reliable low latency communications. Other topics include: self healing in wireless networks; cost efficiency optimization for industrial automation; a non event-based approach for non-intrusive load monitoring; wireless networked control; and caching at the edge in low latency wireless networks. The book finishes with a chapter on the application of terahertz sensing at nano-scale for precision agriculture. Introduces the future evolving dimension in industrial automation and discusses the enablers of the industrial revolution Places particular emphasis on wireless communication techniques which make industrial automation reliable, efficient, and cost-effective Covers many of the associated topics and concepts like robotics, AI, internet-of-things, telesurgery, and remote manufacturing Of great interest to researchers from academia and industry who are looking at the industrial development from various perspectives Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution is an excellent book for telecom engineers, IoT experts, and industry professionals. It would also greatly benefit researchers, professors, and doctorate and postgraduate students involved in automation and industry 4.0.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Evolution of Wireless Technology: Sensor, Security and Emerging Issues
• Smart Products and Pervasive Connectivity: Sensors and IoT
• Wireless Sensor Networks and their Applications
• Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks: Evolution and challenges
• Wireless Sensor Network for the Internet of Things: An Introduction
• Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture
• Wireless Sensors Networks: Cattle Health Monitoring Systems
• Wireless Sensor Networks: Reshaping IT and OT Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks: The Internet of Things, and Industrial IoT
• Wireless Sensor Networks and Smart Connectivity
• Underwater Sensor Networking
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The current world of technology faces massive advancements that influence different sectors such as transport, health care system, and education, amongst others. The telecommunication and information industry has become significant over time and has experienced considerable development. This trend is likely to extend into the future, both in terms of hardware and software. The industry plans to make modern advancements in the next five years to change their current modes of operation. Some of the significant changes that are forecast for the industry include technological advances such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), IoT, wireless sensor networks, and cross-industry alliances. 5G mobile connectivity is expected to bring advanced technical improvements helping employment as well as growth in GDP. In the fusion of these technologies, the potential of IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) would be witnessed through various applications such as connected consumer, home monitoring system, predictive maintenance, factory monitoring, and so on. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a term used for a network of devices that can gather information and then communicate it through any wireless link. The data collected is then transferred using different nodes and multiple gateways. With the evolution of technology, some new criteria have been introduced to check and balance the environmental conditions for reliable and fast response operations for a quick response and service under different scenarios and situations. There has been an increased use of smart wireless sensor objects in the current world by various organizations. The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), industrial IoT, and wireless sensor networks have shaped different technologies and enables faster, reliable, and sufficient production of goods and services. Although there are limitations and challenges such as storage capacity, processing power, communication range, and battery life, WSN significantly affects IoT technology development. Learning about the standards and specifications of WSNs is vital to understanding their general functionality and how they are in close interaction with the Internet of Things, with many massive billions of device connectivity. Future developments should focus on building a self-adaptive spectrum management middleware for the wireless sensor networks. The telecom industry will continue to face regulatory challenges it faces currently. Various new regulations are likely to come up soon, and these will also have financial implications for the companies. The need to ensure consumer privacy is a critical issue that will be of prime concern to the telecoms in the next few years. Various aspects, such as the standards and the architectures, need to be considered to ensure the security and operational consistency of these wireless sensor networks; therefore, industry players should keep up with the changing trends and adapt accordingly. In this book there are twelve chapters which cover wireless networking sensors evolution and technologies advancement. We are very pleased that the technology, academic, and industry communities are discussing this important and fast growing industry and we are certain that the content of this book will shed some light on this subject. The chapters presented in this book discuss technologies, design, implementation and applications of various short and long range wireless sensors networking. The challenges and issues faced in providing applications and services to meet user experiences ubiquitously and securely are presented.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wesentliche Inhalte sind: *Drahtlose Sensoren*Energy HavestingoEnergy Harvesting aus Solarer EnergieoEnergy Harvesting aus Vibration Elektromagnetische Wandler Piezoelektrische Wandler Magnetoelektrische Wandler Nichtlineare breitbandige WandleroEnergy Harvesting aus thermoelektrischen Wandlern *EnergieubertragungoEnergieubertragung via magnetische FelderoEnergieubertragung via Radiofrequenz *EnergiemanagementoSchnittstellen und DC/DC-WandleroEnergiespeicherungskonzepteoEnergiemanagement im Netzwerk-Konzept *Ausgewahlte AnwendungenoIndustrie AnwendungenoUmwelt AnwendungenoLandwirtschaftliche AnwendungenoMedizinische Anwendungen.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Wireless sensors and sensor networks (WSNs) are nowadays becoming increasingly important due to their decisive advantages. Different trends towards the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0 and 5G Networks address massive sensing and admit to have wireless sensors delivering measurement data directly to the Web in a reliable and easy manner. These sensors can only be supported, if sufficient energy efficiency and flexible solutions are developed for energy-aware wireless sensor nodes. In the last years, different possibilities for energy harvesting have been investigated showing a high level of maturity. This book gives therefore an overview on fundamentals and techniques for energy harvesting and energy transfer from different points of view. Different techniques and methods for energy transfer, management and energy saving on network level are reported together with selected interesting applications. The book is interesting for researchers, developers and students in the field of sensors, wireless sensors, WSNs, IoT and manifold application fields using related technologies. The book is organized in four major parts. The first part of the book introduces essential fundamentals and methods, while the second part focusses on vibration converters and hybridization. The third part is dedicated to wireless energy transfer, including both RF and inductive energy transfer. Finally, the fourth part of the book treats energy saving and management strategies. The main contents are: Essential fundamentals and methods of wireless sensors Energy harvesting from vibration Hybrid vibration energy converters Electromagnetic transducers Piezoelectric transducers Magneto-electric transducers Non-linear broadband converters Energy transfer via magnetic fields RF energy transfer Energy saving techniques Energy management strategies Energy management on network level Applications in agriculture Applications in structural health monitoring Application in power grids Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun is professor for measurement and sensor technology at Chemnitz university of technology. She is specialist in the field of sensors and sensor systems design.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of Contributors xiii
• Preface xvii
• 1 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Overview 1 / Mohsin Raza and Huan X. Nguyen
• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Industry 4.0 3
• 1.3 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) 6
• 1.4 Applications of IWSNs 8
• 1.4.1 Feedback Control Systems 8
• 1.4.2 Motion and Robotics 9
• 1.4.3 Safety Applications 9
• 1.4.4 Environmental Monitoring 9
• 1.4.5 Machine/Structural Health Monitoring 10
• 1.5 Communication Topologies in IWSNs 10
• 1.6 Research Developments and Communications Standards for Industry 11
• 1.6.1 IEEE 802.15.4 12
• 1.6.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 13
• 1.6.3 Zigbee 13
• 1.6.4 WirelessHART 14
• 1.6.5 ISA100.11a 14
• 1.6.6 6LoWPAN 14
• Bibliography 15
• 2 Life-span Extension for Sensor Networks in the Industry 19 / Metin Ozturk, Mona Jaber, and Muhammad A. Imran
• 2.1 Introduction 19
• 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 21
• 2.3 Industrial WSNs 24
• 2.3.1 Requirements and Challenges 25
• 2.3.2 Protocols and Standards 26
• 2.3.3 IWSN Applications 27
• 2.4 Life-span Extension for WSNs 28
• 2.4.1 Energy Harvesting 29
• 2.4.1.1 Solar Energy Harvesting 31
• 2.4.1.2 Wind Energy Harvesting 31
• 2.4.1.3 Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting 32
• 2.4.1.4 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 32
• 2.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Harvesting 33
• 2.4.2 Energy Conservation 33
• 2.4.2.1 Duty Cycling 34
• 2.4.2.2 Data Driven Approaches 35
• 2.4.2.3 Mobility Based Approaches 35
• 2.4.2.4 Q Learning Assisted Energy Efficient Smart Connectivity 36
• 2.5 Conclusion 40
• Bibliography 41
• 3 Multiple Access and Resource Sharing for Low Latency Critical Industrial Networks 47 / Mohsin Raza, Anas Amjad, and Sajjad Hussain
• 3.1 Introduction 47
• 3.2 Research Developments 51
• 3.2.1 CSMA/CA Based MAC Schemes 53
• 3.2.2 TDMA Based MAC Schemes 53
• 3.2.3 Multichannel MAC Schemes 54
• 3.2.4 Priority Based MAC Schemes 55
• 3.3 Priority Based Information Scheduling and Transmission 56
• 3.4 Summary 61
• Bibliography 61
• 4 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for Industrial Automation 65 / Hassan Malik, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Alar Kuusik, Yannick Le Moullec, and Sven P©Þrand.

• 4.1 Introduction 65
• 4.2 Overview of NB-IoT 65
• 4.3 NB-IoT Design Characteristics 68
• 4.3.1 Low Device Complexity and Low Cost 68
• 4.3.2 Coverage Enhancement (CE) 70
• 4.3.3 Long Device Battery Lifetime 70
• 4.3.4 Massive Device Support 71
• 4.3.5 Deployment Flexibility 72
• 4.3.6 Small Data Packet Transmission Support 74
• 4.3.6.1 Control Plane CIoT EPS Optimization (CP) 74
• 4.3.6.2 User Plane CIoT EPS Optimization (UP) 76
• 4.3.7 Multicast Transmission Support 76
• 4.3.8 Mobility Support 76
• 4.4 NB-IoT Frame Structure 77
• 4.4.1 Downlink Transmission Scheme 78
• 4.4.1.1 Narrowband Reference Signal (NRS) 78
• 4.4.1.2 Narrowband Primary and Secondary Synchronization Signals (NPSS and NSSS) 78
• 4.4.1.3 Narrowband Physical Broadcast Channel (NPBCH) 79
• 4.4.1.4 Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH) 79
• 4.4.1.5 Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel (NPDSCH) 80
• 4.4.2 Uplink Transmission Scheme 80
• 4.4.2.1 Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) 80
• 4.4.2.2 Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel (NPRACH) 81
• 4.4.2.3 Narrowband Uplink Shared Channel (NPUSCH) 81
• 4.4.3 NB-IoT Design Modification in Relation to LTE 81
• 4.5 NB-IoT as an Enabler for Industry 4.0 81
• 4.5.1 Process Automation 83
• 4.5.2 Human¿́ôMachine Interfaces 84
• 4.5.3 Logistics and Warehousing 84
• 4.5.4 Maintenance and Monitoring 85
• 4.6 Summary 85
• Bibliography 86
• 5 Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications as an Enabler For Industry Automation 89 / Jo©úo Pedro Battistella Nadas, Guodong Zhao, Richard Demo Souza, and Muhammad A. Imran
• 5.1 Introduction 89
• 5.2 Opportunities for URLLC in Industry Automation 91
• 5.2.1 URLLC Industrial Applications 91
• 5.2.2 New Business Models 93
• 5.3 Existing Solutions 94
• 5.3.1 LTE 94
• 5.3.2 WirelessHART and ISA100.11a 95
• 5.4 Enabling Technologies 96
• 5.4.1 Faster Channel Coding 96
• 5.4.2 Latency Aware HARQ 97
• 5.4.3 Joint Design 98
• 5.4.3.1 Communication Model 100
• 5.4.3.2 Proposed Solution 100.

• 5.4.3.3 Numerical Results and Conclusion 103
• 5.5 Conclusion 104
• Bibliography 104
• 6 Anomaly Detection and Self-healing in Industrial Wireless Networks 109 / Ahmed Zoha, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad A. Imran
• 6.1 Introduction 109
• 6.2 System Design 113
• 6.2.1 COD Stage 113
• 6.2.2 COC Stage 115
• 6.3 Cell Outage Detection Framework 115
• 6.3.1 Profiling Phase 115
• 6.3.1.1 Local Outlier Factor Based Detector (LOFD) 119
• 6.3.1.2 One-Class Support Vector Machine based Detector (OCSVMD) 120
• 6.3.2 Detection and Localization Phase 122
• 6.4 Cell Outage Compensation 122
• 6.5 Simulation Results 124
• 6.5.1 Simulation Setup 124
• 6.5.1.1 Parameter Estimation and Evaluation 124
• 6.5.2 Cell Outage Detection Results 127
• 6.5.3 Localization 135
• 6.5.4 Compensation 136
• 6.6 Conclusion 138
• Bibliography 138
• 7 Cost Efficiency Optimization for Industrial Automation 141 / Hafiz Husnain Raza Sherazi, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, Gennaro Boggia, and Muhammad A. Imran
• 7.1 Introduction 141
• 7.2 The Evolution of Low Energy Networking Protocols for Industrial Automation 144
• 7.2.1 Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field Communication 144
• 7.2.2 Bluetooth 145
• 7.2.3 Zigbee 145
• 7.2.4 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 145
• 7.2.5 Wi-Fi 146
• 7.2.6 IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) 146
• 7.2.7 Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) 146
• 7.2.7.1 Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) 148
• 7.2.7.2 Sigfox 149
• 7.2.7.3 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) 150
• 7.3 An Overview of the Costs Involved in Industry 4.0 151
• 7.3.1 Battery Replacement Cost 152
• 7.3.2 Damage Penalty 152
• 7.3.3 Cost Relationships and Trade-off Analysis 152
• 7.4 Evaluating Costs in an Industrial Environment: A LoRaWAN Case study 153
• 7.4.1 Battery Lifetime of Monitoring Nodes 155
• 7.4.2 Battery Replacement Cost 156
• 7.4.3 Damage Penalty 157
• 7.5 Cost Analysis for Industrial Automation 158
• 7.5.1 Statistics for Energy Consumption 158.

• 7.5.2 Statistics for Battery Replacement Cost 159
• 7.5.3 Statistics for Damage Penalty in a Plain Industrial Environment 161
• 7.5.4 The Cumulative Cost 163
• 7.6 Cost Optimization through Energy Harvesting in Industrial Automation 164
• 7.6.1 Extending the Battery Lifetime 165
• 7.6.2 Tuning the Sensing Interval 165
• 7.7 Conclusion 168
• Bibliography 168
• 8 A Non-Event Based Approach for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring 173 / Ahmed Zoha, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad A. Imran
• 8.1 Introduction 173
• 8.2 Probabilistic Modelling for Load Disaggregation 175
• 8.2.1 Model Definition 177
• 8.2.2 Inference 178
• 8.3 Experimental Evaluations 180
• 8.3.1 Experiment Design 181
• 8.3.2 Feature Sub-Groups 182
• 8.3.3 Performance Evaluation 183
• 8.3.3.1 Binary and Multi-State Classification 183
• 8.4 Live Deployment 187
• 8.4.1 Energy Estimation 188
• 8.5 Conclusion 190
• Bibliography 191
• 9 Wireless Networked Control 193 / Zhen Meng and Guodong Zhao
• 9.1 Introduction 193
• 9.2 Industrial Automation 194
• 9.3 WNC System Model 196
• 9.3.1 WNC Model 196
• 9.3.1.1 Wireless Networks 197
• 9.3.1.2 Control System 198
• 9.3.2 WNC System Requirements 199
• 9.3.2.1 System Structure 199
• 9.3.2.2 Real-Time Performance 200
• 9.3.2.3 High Reliability 201
• 9.3.2.4 Determinism 201
• 9.3.2.5 Sample Data Traffic and Event Order 201
• 9.3.3 Analysis of Influencing Factors 202
• 9.3.3.1 Sampling Period 202
• 9.3.3.2 Time Delay 202
• 9.3.3.3 Packet Loss 203
• 9.4 Network and System Control Co-design 203
• 9.5 Conclusion 204
• Bibliography 204
• 10 Caching at the Edge in Low Latency Wireless Networks 209 / Ramy Amer, M. Majid Butt, and Nicola Marchetti
• 10.1 Introduction 209
• 10.2 Living on the Edge 211
• 10.3 Classifications of Wireless Caching Networks 214
• 10.3.1 Wireless Caching Architecture 215
• 10.4 Caching for Low Latency Wireless Networks 217
• 10.5 Inter-cluster Cooperation for Wireless D2D Caching Networks 218
• 10.5.1 Proposed Network Model 219.

• 10.5.2 Content Placement and Traffic Characteristics 222
• 10.5.3 Caching Problem Formulation 224
• 10.5.3.1 Arrival and Service Rates 224
• 10.5.3.2 Network Average Delay 225
• 10.5.4 Proposed Caching Schemes 226
• 10.5.4.1 Caching Popular Files 226
• 10.5.4.2 Greedy Caching Algorithm 227
• 10.5.4.3 Outage Probability 228
• 10.6 Results and Discussions 230
• 10.7 Chapter Summary 234
• Bibliography 235
• 11 Application of Terahertz Sensing at Nano-Scale for Precision Agriculture 241 / Adnan Zahid, Hasan T. Abbas, Aifeng Ren, Akram Alomainy, Muhammad A. Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi
• 11.1 Introduction 241
• 11.1.1 Limitations of Conventional Methods 243
• 11.1.2 Transformation from Micro- to Nanotechnology 243
• 11.1.3 Evolution of Nanotechnology 245
• 11.1.4 Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 245
• 11.1.5 Challenges in Nanotechnology 246
• 11.1.5.1 Health and Environmental Impacts 246
• 11.1.5.2 High Production Costs 246
• 11.1.5.3 Risk Assessment 247
• 11.1.6 Evolving Applications of Terahertz (THz) Technology 247
• 11.1.7 Materials and Methods 249
• 11.1.7.1 Experimental Setup 249
• 11.1.7.2 Sample 249
• 11.1.7.3 Thickness of Leaves 250
• 11.1.8 Measurement Results 250
• 11.1.8.1 Transmission Response 250
• 11.1.8.2 Path-loss Response of Leaves 253
• 11.1.9 Conclusion 254
• Bibliography 255
• Index 259.

Presents the components, challenges, and solutions of wireless automation as enablers for industry 4.0 This timely book introduces the state of the art in industrial automation techniques, concentrating on wireless methods for a variety of applications, ranging from simple smart homes to heavy-duty complex industrial setting with robotics accessibility. It covers a wide range of topics including the industrial revolution enablers, applications, challenges, their possible solutions, and future directions. Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution opens with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their applications in various domains, emphasizing industrial wireless networks and their future uses. It then takes a look at life-span extension for sensor networks in the industry, followed by a chapter on multiple access and resource sharing for low latency critical industrial networks. Industrial automation is covered next, as is the subject of ultra reliable low latency communications. Other topics include: self healing in wireless networks; cost efficiency optimization for industrial automation; a non event-based approach for non-intrusive load monitoring; wireless networked control; and caching at the edge in low latency wireless networks. The book finishes with a chapter on the application of terahertz sensing at nano-scale for precision agriculture. Introduces the future evolving dimension in industrial automation and discusses the enablers of the industrial revolution Places particular emphasis on wireless communication techniques which make industrial automation reliable, efficient, and cost-effective Covers many of the associated topics and concepts like robotics, AI, internet-of-things, telesurgery, and remote manufacturing Of great interest to researchers from academia and industry who are looking at the industrial development from various perspectives Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution is an excellent book for telecom engineers, IoT experts, and industry professionals. It would also greatly benefit researchers, professors, and doctorate and postgraduate students involved in automation and industry 4.0.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction Sensors Sensor Node Architecture Sensor Network Architecture Mote Technology Comparison of MANET and WSN Requirements of a WSN Challenges for a WSN WSN Applications Chapter Notes Bibliography Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture Introduction Network Protocol Stack Communication Standards IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee 6LoWPAN Summary Bibliography Information Gathering Introduction Routing Flat-based Routing Algorithms Hierarchical Routing Algorithms Information Gathering Based on Geographic Locations Localization Geographical Routing Landmark-based Routing Data Aggregation Content-based Naming Summary Bibliography Energy Management in WSN Introduction Duty Cycling Independent Strategies Dependent Strategies Independent Sleep/Wakeup Schemes Asynchronous Schemes TDMA-based MAC Protocols Contention-based MAC Protocols Hybrid MAC Protocols Data-driven Approaches Data Prediction Data Sensing Energy-Aware Routing Protocols Hierarchical Energy-Aware Routing Location-based Routing Data Aggregation-based Routing Remarks Summary Bibliography Security in WSN Introduction Challenges in WSN Attacks in WSN Attack Categorization Protection Against Attacks Cryptography in WSN Key Management Key Management in Distributed WSN Key Management in Hierarchical WSN Secure Routing in WSNs Attacks on Routing Protocols Countermeasures for Attacks Intrusion Detection in WSN Intrusion Detection Systems Summary Bibliography Operating Systems for WSNs Introduction Architecture Monolithic Micro-kernel Virtual Machine Execution Model Event-based Thread-based Hybrid Models Scheduling Power Management Communication Case Study: Popular Operating Systems TinyOS Contiki MagnetOS Mantis OS Summary Bibliography Programming WSNs Introduction TinyOS TOSSIM TinyOS Installation CTP in TinyOS Modified SPIN in TinyOS Contiki COOJA Contiki Installation Broadcast Example in Contiki Castalia Modules under Castalia Castalia Installation T MAC in Castalia NS-3 Installation Mobility Model in NS-3 Summary Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Building Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives presents the state of the art of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from fundamental concepts to cutting-edge technologies. Focusing on WSN topics ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, this book: * Provides essential knowledge of the contemporary theory and practice of wireless sensor networking * Describes WSN architectures, protocols, and operating systems * Details the routing and data aggregation algorithms * Addresses WSN security and energy efficiency * Includes sample programs for experimentation The book offers overarching coverage of this exciting field, filling a critical gap in the existing literature.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• How to Use This Book xiii
• 1 What are Wireless Sensor Networks? 1 1.1 Wireless Sensor Networks, 1 1.2 Sample Applications Around the World, 3 1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor Networks, 7 Summary, 10 Further Reading, 10
• 2 Anatomy of a Sensor Node 11 2.1 Hardware Components, 11 2.2 Power Consumption, 13 2.3 Operating Systems and Concepts, 15 2.3.1 Memory Management, 17 2.3.2 Interrupts, 23 2.3.3 Tasks, Threads, and Events, 24 2.4 Simulators, 26 2.5 Communication Stack, 28 2.5.1 Sensor Network Communication Stack, 28 2.5.2 Protocols and Algorithms, 30 Anatomy of a Sensor Node: Summary, 30 Further Reading, 30
• 3 Radio Communications 33 3.1 Radio Waves and Modulation/Demodulation, 33 3.2 Properties of Wireless Communications, 36 3.2.1 Interference and Noise, 37 3.2.2 Hidden Terminal Problem, 38 3.2.3 Exposed Terminal Problem, 39 3.3 Medium Access Protocols, 39 3.3.1 Design Criteria for Medium Access Protocols, 41 3.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access, 42 3.3.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access, 45 3.3.4 Sensor MAC, 48 3.3.5 Berkeley MAC, 50 3.3.6 Optimizations of B-MAC, 51 3.3.7 Other Protocols and Trends, 51 Radio Communications: Summary, 53 Questions and Exercises, 53 Further Reading, 54
• 4 Link Management 57 4.1 Wireless Links Introduction, 57 4.2 Properties of Wireless Links, 59 4.2.1 Links and Geographic Distance, 59 4.2.2 Asymmetric Links, 60 4.2.3 Link Stability and Burstiness, 61 4.3 Error Control, 62 4.3.1 Backward Error Control, 62 4.3.2 Forward Error Control, 63 4.4 Naming and Addressing, 64 4.4.1 Naming, 64 4.4.2 Addressing, 65 4.4.3 Assignment of Addresses and Names, 65 4.4.4 Using Names and Addresses, 66 4.5 Link Estimation Protocols, 66 4.5.1 Design Criteria, 66 4.5.2 Link Quality Based, 67 4.5.3 Delivery Rate Based, 68 4.5.4 Passive and Active Estimators, 69 4.5.5 Collection Tree Protocol, 69 4.6 Topology Control, 71 4.6.1 Centralized Topology Control, 71 4.6.2 Distributed Topology Control, 72 Link Management: Summary, 73 Questions and Exercises, 73 Further Reading, 74
• 5 Multi-Hop Communications 77 5.1 Routing Basics, 77 5.2 Routing Metrics, 80 5.2.1 Location and Geographic Vicinity, 80 5.2.2 Hops, 81 5.2.3 Number of Retransmissions, 82 5.2.4 Delivery Delay, 83 5.3 Routing Protocols, 84 5.3.1 Full-Network Broadcast, 85 5.3.2 Location-Based Routing, 87 5.3.3 Directed Diffusion, 90 5.3.4 Collection Tree Protocol, 92 5.3.5 Zigbee, 94 Multi-Hop Communications: Summary, 95 Questions and Exercises, 96 Further Reading, 96
• 6 Data Aggregation and Clustering 99 6.1 Clustering Techniques, 99 6.1.1 Random Clustering, 101 6.1.2 Nearest Sink, 102 6.1.3 Geographic Clustering, 103 6.1.4 Clustering Summary, 104 6.2 In-Network Processing and Data Aggregation, 104 6.2.1 Compression, 104 6.2.2 Statistical Techniques, 107 6.3 Compressive Sampling, 109 Data Aggregation and Clustering: Summary, 110 Questions and Exercises, 111 Further Reading, 111
• 7 Time Synchronization 113 7.1 Clocks and Delay Sources, 113 7.2 Requirements and Challenges, 114 7.3 Time Synchronization Protocols, 117 7.3.1 Lightweight Tree Synchronization, 117 7.3.2 Reference Broadcast Synchronization, 118 7.3.3 NoTime Protocol, 118 Time Synchronization: Summary, 120 Questions and Exercises, 121 Further Reading, 121
• 8 Localization Techniques 123 8.1 Localization Challenges and Properties, 123 8.1.1 Types of Location Information, 124 8.1.2 Precision Against Accuracy, 125 8.1.3 Costs, 125 8.2 Pre-Deployment Schemes, 126 8.3 Proximity Schemes, 126 8.4 Ranging Schemes, 128 8.4.1 Triangulation, 129 8.4.2 Trilateration, 129 8.5 Range-Based Localization, 129 8.6 Range-Free Localization, 130 8.6.1 Hop-Based Localization, 130 8.6.2 Point in Triangle (PIT), 131 Localization: Summary, 132 Questions and Exercises, 133 Further Reading, 133
• 9 Sensing Techniques 135 9.1 Types of Sensors, 135 9.2 Sensing Coverage, 136 9.3 High-Level Sensors, 137 9.4 Special Case: The Human As a Sensor, 138 9.5 Actuators, 138 9.6 Sensor Calibration, 139 9.7 Detecting Errors, 140 Sensing Techniques: Summary, 141 Questions and Exercises, 141
• 10 Designing and Deploying WSN Applications 143 10.1 Early WSN Deployments, 143 10.1.1 Murphy Loves Potatoes, 144 10.1.2 Great Duck Island, 144 10.2 General Problems, 145 10.2.1 Node Problems, 146 10.2.2 Link/Path Problems, 147 10.2.3 Global Problems, 148 10.3 General Testing and Validation, 149 10.4 Requirements Analysis, 151 10.4.1 Analyzing the Environment, 151 10.4.2 Analyzing Lifetime and Energy Requirements, 153 10.4.3 Analyzing Required Data, 153 10.4.4 Analyzing User Expectations, 154 10.5 The Top-Down Design Process, 154 10.5.1 The Network, 154 10.5.2 The Node Neighborhood, 155 10.5.3 The Node, 156 10.5.4 Individual Components of the Node, 156 10.6 Bottom-Up Implementation Process, 157 10.6.1 Individual Node-Level Modules, 158 10.6.2 The Node As an Entity, 159 10.6.3 The Network As an Entity, 159 Designing and Deploying WSN Applications: Summary, 160 Further Reading, 160
• 11 Summary and Outlook 163 Index 167.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Explores real-world wireless sensor network development, deployment, and applications * Presents state-of-the-art protocols and algorithms * Includes end-of-chapter summaries, exercises, and references * For students, there are hardware overviews, reading links, programming examples, and tests available at [website] * For Instructors, there are PowerPoint slides and solutions available at [website].
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I. Basics: 1. Introduction to wireless sensor networks
• 2. Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations
• 3. Wireless sensor network applications: overview and case studies
• Part II. Network Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: 4. Medium access in wireless sensor networks
• 5. Routing in wireless sensor networks
• 6. Transport layer and QoS issues in wireless sensor networks
• Part III. Advanced Issues and Topics: 7. Localization and positioning
• 8. Topology management and control issues
• 9. Evaluation of wireless sensor networks: modeling, simulation and test-bed design
• 10. Security issues in wireless sensor networks
• 11. Wireless mobile sensor networks
• 12. Wireless multimedia sensor networks
• 13. Underwater sensor networks
• 14. Underground sensor networks.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology with a wide range of applications in military and civilian domains. The book begins by detailing the basic principles and concepts of wireless sensor networks, including information gathering, energy management and the structure of sensory nodes. It proceeds to examine advanced topics, covering localisation, topology, security and evaluation of wireless sensor networks, highlighting international research being carried out in this area. Finally, it features numerous examples of applications of this technology to a range of domains, such as wireless, multimedia, underwater and underground wireless sensor networks. The concise but clear presentation of the important principles, techniques and applications of wireless sensor networks makes this guide an excellent introduction for anyone new to the subject, as well as an ideal reference for practitioners and researchers.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wireless Sensor Networks: Storage Issues and Applications. A Review of Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks. Data-Centric Storage in Wireless Sensor Networks. Environmental Forest Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Fundamentals of Wireless Body Area Networks. Medium Access Control (Mac) Layer Issues. Mobile Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Cooperative Transmission Techniques and Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. Adapting Multichannel Assignment and IEEE 802.11 Networks to Operate in Wireless Sensor Networks Environment. Position Estimation, Energy-Centric Simulation, and Quality of Service Issues. Location and Position Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Energy-Centric Simulation and Design Space Exploration for Wireless Sensor Networks. Quality of Service MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks. Protocols and Data Gathering Issues. An Investigation on Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Data Gathering and Data Management Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. Data Gathering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks. Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues, Challenges, and Solutions. Security in Wireless Sensor Networks. Security in Wireless Video Sensor Networks Based on Watermarking Techniques. Intrusion Detection and Prevention in Wireless Sensor Networks.Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) utilize fast, cheap, and effective applications to imitate the human intelligence capability of sensing on a wider distributed scale. But acquiring data from the deployment area of a WSN is not always easy and multiple issues arise, including the limited resources of sensor devices run with one-time batteries. Additi.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Self-Organising Networks (SON) 3 1.2 The Transition from Conventional Network Operation to SON 6 1.2.1 Automation of the Network Rollout 9 1.2.2 Automation of Network Optimisation and Troubleshooting 10 1.2.3 SON Characteristics and Challenges 11 References 12 2. LTE Overview 13 2.1 Introduction to LTE and SAE 13 2.1.1 3GPP Structure, Timeline and LTE Specifications 14 2.1.2 LTE Requirements 16 2.1.3 System Architecture Overview 16 2.1.4 Evolved UTRAN 18 2.1.5 E-UTRAN Functional Elements 19 2.1.6 Evolved Packet Core 21 2.1.7 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 24 2.1.8 LTE-Advanced 24 2.1.9 Network Management 30 2.2 LTE Radio Access Network Scenarios and Their Evolution 33 2.2.1 LTE Radio Coverage Scenario 33 2.2.2 LTE for Capacity Enhancement in Existing GERAN/UTRAN 34 2.2.3 Enhancing LTE Capacity, the Multi-Layer LTE 34 2.2.4 Data Offloading, LIPA-SIPTO 35 2.2.5 Multi-Radio Access Network Scenarios or non-GPP 36 References 37 3. Self-Organising Networks (SON) 39 3.1 Vision 39 3.2 NGMN Operator Use Cases and 3GPP SON Use Cases 42 3.2.1 Operational Use Cases 42 3.2.2 NGMN SON Use Cases and Requirements 47 3.2.3 SON Use Cases in 3GPP 50 3.3 Foundations for SON 52 3.3.1 Control Engineering: Feedback Loops 53 3.3.2 Autonomic Computing and Autonomic Management 55 3.3.3 SON Research Projects 57 3.4 Architecture 60 3.4.1 Use-Case Related Criteria 62 3.4.2 System-Level Criteria 64 3.5 Business Value 65 3.5.1 The Economics of eNB Sites 65 3.5.2 General Mode of Operation of SON 68 3.5.3 Installation and Planning 71 3.5.4 Network Optimisation 72 3.5.5 Fault Management 73 3.5.6 Conclusions 74 3.6 SON Operational and Technical Challenges 75 3.6.1 Transition of Operational Processes to SON 75 3.6.2 Technical (Engineering) Challenges 78 References 80 4. Self-Configuration ('Plug-and-Play') 81 4.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 82 4.1.1 Preparation 85 4.1.2 Connectivity Setup, Site-Identification and Auto-Commissioning 87 4.1.3 LTE-A Relay Auto-Connectivity 93 4.1.4 Conclusions 100 4.2 Dynamic Radio Configuration 100 4.2.1 Generation of Initial Transmission Parameters 106 4.2.2 Physical Cell-ID Allocation 111 4.2.3 Automatic Neighbour Relationship Setup (ANR) 118 4.2.4 DRC Architecture 130 4.2.5 Conclusions 132 References 133 5. Self-Optimisation 135 5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 136 5.1.1 Goals of MRO 136 5.1.2 Cell Changes and Interference Challenges 137 5.1.3 MRO Relevant Parameters 140 5.1.4 Causes for Mobility Problems 144 5.1.5 MRO Solutions 146 5.1.6 MRO Time Scales 151 5.1.7 MRO Performance 152 5.2 Mobility Load Balancing and Traffic Steering 157 5.2.1 Introduction to Traffic Steering 157 5.2.2 SON Policies for Mobility Load Balancing 159 5.2.3 A Theoretical View of Load Balancing 160 5.2.4 Standardised Features and Procedures to Direct UEs to the Desired Layer 166 5.2.5 Exemplary Results of MLB 182 5.2.6 Uplink Load Balancing 189 5.2.7 Interactions Between TS/MLB and MRO 190 5.3 Energy Saving 193 5.3.1 Introduction 193 5.3.2 Requirements 195 5.3.3 Energy Saving Management 195 5.3.4 eNB Overlaid Scenario 196 5.3.5 Capacity-Limited Network 198 5.3.6 Equipment/Local ES 200 5.3.7 Example Scenarios and Expected Gains 201 5.3.8 Summary 204 5.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimisation 204 5.4.1 CCO with Adaptive Antennas 205 5.4.2 Performance Analysis for Antenna Parameter Optimisation Based CCO 208 5.4.3 CCO with TX Power 216 5.5 RACH Optimisation 217 5.5.1 General 217 5.5.2 PRACH Configuration 218 5.5.3 RACH Configuration 219 5.5.4 RACH/PRACH Configuration Example 221 5.5.5 RA Performance 222 5.5.6 Self-Optimisation Framework 223 5.5.7 UE Reporting 223 5.5.8 Inter-eNB Communication 225 5.6 RRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation) 226 5.6.1 Interference Coordination 226 5.6.2 P0 Optimisation 230 References 232 6. Self-Healing 235 6.1 Introduction 236 6.1.1 3GPP Use Cases 236 6.1.2 3GPP Self-Healing Process and its Management 237 6.1.3 Cell Degradation Management 238 6.2 Cell Degradation Detection 242 6.3 Cell Degradation Diagnosis and Prediction 248 6.3.1 Rule Based Systems 250 6.3.2 Bayesian Networks 251 6.3.3 Case Based Reasoning 253 6.3.4 Neural Networks 255 6.3.5 Active Measurements 256 6.3.6 Prediction 257 6.4 Cell Outage Compensation 259 6.4.1 Activation of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.2 Means of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.3 Interaction between Cell Outage Compensation and Self-Configuration Functions 263 References 264 7. Supporting Function: Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT) 267 7.1 Introduction 267 7.1.1 General 267 7.1.2 History and Background 269 7.2 Relation to SON 272 7.3 Requirements 273 7.4 Use Cases 275 7.4.1 Operator Scenarios 276 7.4.2 Coverage Optimisation 277 7.4.3 Mobility Optimisation 281 7.4.4 Capacity Optimisation 281 7.4.5 Parameterisation for Common Channels 282 7.4.6 QoS Verification 282 7.5 Overall Architecture 283 7.6 Managing MDT 285 7.6.1 Subscriber and Equipment Trace 285 7.6.2 MDT Configuration Parameters 285 7.6.3 Subscription Based MDT 287 7.6.4 Area Based MDT 292 7.6.5 Supporting Functionality in the Management System 293 7.6.6 MDT Reporting 293 7.7 MDT Radio Interface Procedures 295 7.7.1 Immediate MDT 296 7.7.2 Logged MDT 298 7.7.3 RLF Reporting 303 7.7.4 Measurement Parameters 305 7.7.5 Location Information 308 7.8 Conclusion 309 References 310 8. SON for Core Networks 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 SON for Packet Core Networks 311 8.2.1 Packet Core Element Auto-Configuration 311 8.2.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation 313 8.2.3 S1 Flex (MME Pooling) 314 8.2.4 Signalling Optimisation 315 8.2.5 Latency Optimisation 317 8.2.6 Fast Gateway Convergence with Bidirectional Forward Detection 318 8.2.7 Dynamic IP Pool Allocation 318 8.2.8 Energy Saving 319 8.3 SON for Voice Core Networks 319 8.3.1 Voice Over IP Quality Monitoring and Management 319 8.3.2 Resource Optimisation in Voice Core Network 320 References 321 9. SON Operation 322 9.1 SON Function Interactions 323 9.1.1 Spatial Characteristic 324 9.1.2 Temporal Characteristic 324 9.1.3 Categories of SON Conflicts 326 9.1.4 Network Parameters Related to SON Functions 329 9.1.5 Examples for Conflicts between SON Functions 330 9.2 Coordination of SON Functions 334 9.2.1 Basic Options for SON Coordination 334 9.2.2 Goals of SON Function Coordination 338 9.2.3 SON Coordination Function Concept 340 9.2.4 Coordination Schemes 346 9.2.5 Related Work 352 9.2.6 SON Function Coordination Example 352 9.3 Conclusions 355 References 356 10. SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Standardisation and Network Architecture 359 10.2.1 Network Architecture for HetNet 361 10.3 Self-Configuration 362 10.3.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 363 10.3.2 Automatic Site Identification and Hardware-to-Site Mapping 364 10.3.3 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR) 365 10.4 Self-Optimisation: Interference Management 365 10.4.1 Interference Characteristics in HetNet Scenarios 365 10.4.2 Basic Interference Management Techniques 366 10.4.3 Scenarios with Macro eNBs and Micro/Pico eNBs 369 10.4.4 Enhanced Time-Domain Interference Management: eICIC 370 10.4.5 Outlook on Further Interference Management Innovations 374 10.5 Self-Optimisation: Mobility Aspects
• MRO and Traffic Steering 375 10.5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 375 10.5.2 Multi-Layer Traffic Steering and Load Balancing 377 10.5.3 IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) Integration 378 References 378 11. Future Research Topics 379 11.1 Future Mobile Network Scenarios 379 11.1.1 Heterogeneous Networks 379 11.1.2 Cloud RAN 380 11.1.3 Requirements for Future OAM Systems 381 11.2 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) 381 11.2.1 From SON to CRN 381 11.2.2 Definitions 382 11.2.3 Framework 383 11.2.4 Artificial Intelligence 385 11.3 Applications 387 11.3.1 Self-Configuration 387 11.3.2 Self-Optimisation 387 11.3.3 Self-Healing 388 11.3.4 Operation 388 11.4 Conclusion 389 References 389 Index 391.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Covering the key functional areas of LTE Self-Organising Networks (SON), this book introduces the topic at an advanced level before examining the state-of-the-art concepts. The required background on LTE network scenarios, technologies and general SON concepts is first given to allow readers with basic knowledge of mobile networks to understand the detailed discussion of key SON functional areas (self-configuration, -optimisation, -healing). Later, the book provides details and references for advanced readers familiar with LTE and SON, including the latest status of 3GPP standardisation. Based on the defined next generation mobile networks (NGMN) and 3GPP SON use cases, the book elaborates to give the full picture of a SON-enabled system including its enabling technologies, architecture and operation. "Heterogeneous networks" including different cell hierarchy levels and multiple radio access technologies as a new driver for SON are also discussed.* Introduces the functional areas of LTE SON (self-optimisation, -configuration and -healing) and its standardisation, also giving NGMN and 3GPP use cases* Explains the drivers, requirements, challenges, enabling technologies and architectures for a SON-enabled system* Covers multi-technology (2G/3G) aspects as well as core network and end-to-end operational aspects* Written by experts who have been contributing to the development and standardisation of the LTE self-organising networks concept since its inception* Examines the impact of new network architectures ("Heterogeneous Networks") to network operation, for example multiple cell layers and radio access technologies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Due to significant advantages, including convenience, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, the implementation and use of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks have gained steep growth in recent years. This timely book presents the current state-of-the-art in these popular technologies, providing you with expert guidance for your projects in the field. You find broad-ranging coverage of important concepts and methods, definitions of key terminology, and a look at the direction of future research. Supported with nearly 150 illustrations, the book discusses a variety of critical topics, from topology, routing protocols, and mobility models, to security, localization, and quality of service. You also benefit from practical, insightful discussions on real-world scenarios. This comprehensive resource includes a complete set of summary problems at the end of each chapter to ensure a complete understanding of the material

• Preface. Acknowledgments. About the Editors. Contributors.
• 1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour). 1.1 Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks. 1.2 Technological Background. 1.3 Features of This Book. 1.4 Organization of This Book. References.
• 2. NETWORK ARCHITECTURES AND PROTOCOL STACK (Jun Zheng). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Network Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. 2.3 Classifications of Wireless Sensor Networks. 2.4 Protocol Stack for Wireless Sensor Networks. 2.5 Summary. References.
• 3. MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (Jun Zheng). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fundamental MAC Protocols. 3.3 MAC Design for Wireless Sensor Networks. 3.4 MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. 3.5 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 4. ROUTING AND DATA DISSEMINATION (Sajal K. Das and Habib M. Ammari). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Fundamentals and Challenges. 4.3 Taxonomy of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols. 4.4 Overview of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols. 4.5 Summary and Future Directions.
• 5. BROADCASTING, MULTICASTING, AND GEOCASTING (Baoxian Zhang and Guoliang Xue). 5.1 Introduction. 5.3 Broadcasting Mechanisms. 5.4 Multicasting Mechanisms. 5.5 Geocasting Mechanisms. 5.6 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 6. NODE CLUSTERING (Chao Zhang, Edwin Hou, and Nirwan Ansari). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Node Clustering Algorithms. 6.3 Node Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. 6.4 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 7. QUERY PROCESSING AND DATA AGGREGATION (Torsha Banerjee and Dharma P. Agrawal). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Query Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks. 7.3 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. 7.4 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 8. NODE LOCALIZATION (Nayef A. Alsindi and Kaveh Pahlavan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Concepts and Challenges of Node Localization Technologies. 8.3 Ranging Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.4 Wireless Localization Algorithms. 8.5 Wireless Sensor Node Localization. 8.6 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 9. TIME SYNCHRONIZATION (Fikret Sivrikaya and Bulent Yener). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Need for Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. 9.3 Requirements of Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. 9.4 Synchronization Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. 9.5 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND POWER CONTROL (Nikolaos A. Pantazis and Dimitrios D. Vergados). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Need for Energy Efficiency and Power Control in Wireless Sensor Networks. 10.3 Passive Power Conservation Mechanisms. 10.4 Active Power Conservation Mechanisms. 10.5 Summary. References.
• 11. TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS AND QUALITY OF SERVICE (Chonggang Wang, Bo Li, and Kazem Sohraby). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Traditional Transport Protocols. 11.3 Transport Protocol Design for Wireless Sensor Networks. 11.4 Transport Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. 11.5 Summary and Future Directions. References.
• 12. NETWORK SECURITY AND ATTACK DEFENSE (Yun Zhou and Yuguang Fang). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Confidentiality. 12.3 Integrity. 12.4 Authenticity. 12.5 Nonrepudiation. 12.6 Freshness. 12.7 Availability. 12.8 Intrusion Detection. 12.9 Key Management. 12.10 Summary. Acknowledgements. References.
• 13. SENSOR NETWORK STANDARDS (Stefano Chessa). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard. 13.3 ZigBee Standard. 13.4 Summary. References.
• 14. FUTURE TRENDS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (Mehmet Can Vuran, Dario Pompili, and Tommaso Melodia). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. 14.3 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. 14.4 Sensor Network Applications in Challenging Environments. 14.5 Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks. 14.6 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Networking is one of the most important aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). There are a variety of networking issues that must be addressed in order to realize the vision of WSNs, such as network architecture, medium access control, routing and data dissemination, topology control, node clustering, time synchronization, node localization, and fault tolerance. This book introduces to researchers, students, and practitioners the fundamental concepts, major issues, and state-of-the-art solutions in the networking wireless sensors.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• MmLiquid: Liquid Identification using mmWave.- PASD: A Prioritized Action Sampling-Based Dueling DQN for Cloud-Edge Collaborative Computation Offloading in Industrial IoT.- Automatic construction of large-scale IoT datasets with multi-strategy fusion.- Research on Argo data anomaly detection based on improved DBSCAN algorithm.- Fog Federation Pricing and Resource Purchase based on the Stackelberg Model in Fog Computing.- Bandwidth Scheduling Scheme with AoI Guarantee for Heterogeneous Mobile Edge Caching.- An Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robot System.- A Community Detection Algorithm Fusing Node Similarity and Label Propagation
• A Community Detection Algorithm Fusing Node Similarity and Label Propagation.- A Graph Neural Network Based Model for IoT Binary Components Similarity Detection
• Multi-scale Temporal Feature Fusion for Time-limited Order Prediction
• Dynamics Modeling of Knowledge Dissemination Process in Online Social Networks.- The Impact of Time Delay and User's Behavior on the Dissemination Process of Rumor in Mobile Social Networks.- Minimizing the Embedding Cost of Service Function Chains with Adjustable Order
• MDLpark: Available parking prediction for smart parking through mobile deep learning
• Image Attribute Modification Based on Text Guidance.- Industrial IoT Network Security Situation Prediction Based on Improved SSA-BiLSTM. .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th China Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, CWSN 2022, which took place in Guangzhou, China, in November 2022. The 17 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 204 submissions, including 87 English papers and 117 Chinese papers. The conference provided an academic exchange of research and a development forum for IoT researchers, developers, enterprises, and users. Exchanging results and experience of research and applications in IoT, and discussing the key challenges and research hotspots, is the main goal of the forum. As a high-level forum for the design, implementation, and application of IoT, the conference promoted the exchange and application of the oriesand technologies of IoT-related topics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wireless sensor network fields
• Node systems
• Infrastructures
• Communication protocols
• Data management.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th China Conference of Wireless Sensor Networks, held in Qingdao, China, in October 2013. The 35 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 191 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the wireless sensor network fields like node systems, infrastructures, communication protocols, data management.