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• Frontmatter
• Contents
• List of Tables
• Preface
• 1. Liberalism Revised
• 2. The Telephone and the Public Service Idea
• 3. Protection of the Newborn
• 4. Structural Liberalism: The Issues of Economic Structure
• 5. The Progressive Impulse and the Telephone
• 6. Public Service Liberalism and the New Political Economy
• 7. The Administrative State and Public Service Liberalism
• 8. The Contraction of the World
• 9. The End of the Old Deal
• Index

Identifying a form of government intervention in social and economic affairs called public service liberalism, Alan Stone looks to that ideology to confront the problems of the 1990s and beyond. He shows in this fascinating case study that the policy has been effective in the past: the American telephone industry from its inception until 1934 is an illustration of how public service liberalism served both economic efficiency and a complex structure of public values. Stone depicts the stages by which public service liberalism was replaced by less adequate policies and suggests ways that it could be successfully restored. Furthermore, Stone demonstrates that government-business relationships like the one that prevailed in the telephone industry were common in the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. He argues that this period was not an era of laissez-faire, as is often alleged, but that its economic energy and extraordinary technological progress were accompanied by complete acceptance of certain kinds of government intervention. Challenging the presuppositions not only of the new ideologists of deregulation, privatization, and competition but also of the practitioners of what he calls the "sanctimonious muddle" of present-day liberalism, Stone demonstrates that public service liberalism could help resolve current problems, such as those in the savings and loan institutions and the cable television industry.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905

Reviews the new High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and advancements in adaptive streaming technologies for use in broadband networks and the Internet This book describes next-generation video coding and streaming technologies with a comparative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses. Specific emphasis is placed on the H.265/HEVC video coding standard and adaptive bit rate video streaming. In addition to evaluating the impact of different types of video content and powerful feature sets on HEVC coding efficiency, the text provides an in-depth study on the practical performance of popular adaptive streaming platforms and useful tips for streaming optimization. Readers will learn of new over-the-top (OTT) online TV advancements, the direction of the broadband telecommunications industry, and the latest developments that will help keep implementation costs down and maximize return on infrastructure investment. * Reviews the emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and compares its coding performance with the MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and MPEG-2 standards * Provides invaluable insights into the intra and inter coding efficiencies of HEVC, such as the impact of hierarchical block partitioning and new prediction modes * Evaluates the performance of the Apple and Microsoft adaptive streaming platforms and presents innovative techniques related to aggregate stream bandwidth prediction, duplicate chunk * Includes end-of-chapter homework problems and access to instructor slides Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming is written for students, researchers, and industry professionals working in the field of video communications. Benny Bing has worked in academia for over 20 years. He has published over 80 research papers and 12 books, and has 6 video patents licensed to industry. He has served as a technical editor for several IEEE journals and an IEEE Communications Society Distinguished lecturer. He also received the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Technology Innovation Award for demonstrations of advanced media technologies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PREFACE xvii
• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Emerging Quantum Infl uences 2 1.2 Quantum Information Theory 2 1.3 Different Capacities of Quantum Channels 3 1.4 Challenges Related to Quantum Channel Capacities 5 1.5 Secret and Private Quantum Communication 6 1.6 Quantum Communications Networks 8 1.7 Recent Developments and Future Directions 9
• CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Basic Definitions and Formulas 15 2.3 Geometrical Interpretation of the Density Matrices 25 2.4 Quantum Entanglement 31 2.5 Entropy of Quantum States 34 2.6 Measurement of the Amount of Entanglement 43 2.7 Encoding Classical Information to Quantum States 49 2.8 Quantum Noiseless Channel Coding 54 2.9 Brief Summary 57 2.10 Further Reading 57
• CHAPTER 3 THE CLASSICAL CAPACITIES OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 From Classical to Quantum Communication Channels 73 3.3 Transmission of Classical Information over Quantum Channels 77 3.4 The Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland Theorem 84 3.5 Classical Communication over Quantum Channels 89 3.6 Brief Summary of Classical Capacities 98 3.7 Multilevel Quantum Systems and Qudit Channels 98 3.8 The Zero-Error Capacity of a Quantum Channel 100 3.9 Further Reading 117
• CHAPTER 4 THE QUANTUM CAPACITY OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 126 4.1 Introduction 126 4.2 Transmission of Quantum Information 128 4.3 Quantum Coherent Information 136 4.4 The Asymptotic Quantum Capacity 146 4.5 Relation between Classical and Quantum Capacities of Quantum Channels 149 4.6 Further Reading 151
• CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 156 5.1 Introduction 156 5.2 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Channels 157 5.3 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Informational Distance 162 5.4 Computation of Smallest Quantum Ball to Derive the HSW Capacity 182 5.5 Illustrative Example 190 5.6 Geometry of Basic Quantum Channel Models 191 5.7 Geometric Interpretation of HSW Capacities of Different Quantum Channel Models 197 5.8 Further Reading 213
• CHAPTER 6 ADDITIVITY OF QUANTUM CHANNEL CAPACITIES 218 6.1 Introduction 218 6.2 Additivity of Classical Capacity 223 6.3 Additivity of Quantum Capacity 225 6.4 Additivity of Holevo Information 232 6.5 Geometric Interpretation of Additivity of HSW Capacity 245 6.6 Classical and Quantum Capacities of some Channels 260 6.7 The Classical Zero-Error Capacities of some Quantum Channels 264 6.8 Further Reading 265
• CHAPTER 7 SUPERACTIVATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 269 7.1 Introduction 270 7.2 The Non-Additivity of Private Information 270 7.3 Channel Combination for Superadditivity of Private Information 274 7.4 Superactivation of Quantum Capacity of Zero-Capacity Quantum Channels 282 7.5 Behind Superactivation: The Information Theoretic Description 295 7.6 Geometrical Interpretation of Quantum Capacity 302 7.7 Example of Geometric Interpretation of Superactivation 305 7.8 Extension of Superactivation for More General Classes 310 7.9 Superactivation of Zero-Error Capacities 315 7.10 Further Reading 322
• CHAPTER 8 QUANTUM SECURITY AND PRIVACY 325 8.1 Introduction 326 8.2 Quantum Key Distribution 330 8.3 Private Communication over the Quantum Channel 333 8.4 Quantum Cryptographic Primitives 336 8.5 Further Reading 354
• CHAPTER 9 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 362 9.1 Long-Distance Quantum Communications 362 9.2 Levels of Entanglement Swapping 368 9.3 Scheduling Techniques of Purifi cation 371 9.4 Hybrid Quantum Repeater 375 9.5 Probabilistic Quantum Networks 382 9.6 Conclusions 384 9.7 Further Reading 384
• CHAPTER 10 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 388 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Qubit Implementations 391 10.3 Quantum CPUs 396 10.4 Quantum Memories 400 10.5 Further Reading 411 NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 413 REFERENCES 420 INDEX 455.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The authors explain quantum communication theory from an engineering(application) viewpoint including the advanced quantum communication schemes and give an overview on the security of these systems. Each section of the book addresses an area of major researchof quantuminformation theory and quantum communication networks. The authors present the fundamental theoretical results of quantum information theory, and simultaneously present the details of advanced quantum communication protocols with clear mathematical and information theoretical background. The book will describe the engineering principles and questions of advanced communication network, quantum-Internet networks and intelligent quantum-probabilistic network controlling elements. The future quantum communication systems will integrate free-space and fiber-based ccommunication systems; However, the communication between them is the challenge. This book will bridge the gap between quantum physics, quantum information theory and practical engineering.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PREFACE xvii
• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Emerging Quantum Infl uences 2 1.2 Quantum Information Theory 2 1.3 Different Capacities of Quantum Channels 3 1.4 Challenges Related to Quantum Channel Capacities 5 1.5 Secret and Private Quantum Communication 6 1.6 Quantum Communications Networks 8 1.7 Recent Developments and Future Directions 9
• CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Basic Definitions and Formulas 15 2.3 Geometrical Interpretation of the Density Matrices 25 2.4 Quantum Entanglement 31 2.5 Entropy of Quantum States 34 2.6 Measurement of the Amount of Entanglement 43 2.7 Encoding Classical Information to Quantum States 49 2.8 Quantum Noiseless Channel Coding 54 2.9 Brief Summary 57 2.10 Further Reading 57
• CHAPTER 3 THE CLASSICAL CAPACITIES OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 From Classical to Quantum Communication Channels 73 3.3 Transmission of Classical Information over Quantum Channels 77 3.4 The Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland Theorem 84 3.5 Classical Communication over Quantum Channels 89 3.6 Brief Summary of Classical Capacities 98 3.7 Multilevel Quantum Systems and Qudit Channels 98 3.8 The Zero-Error Capacity of a Quantum Channel 100 3.9 Further Reading 117
• CHAPTER 4 THE QUANTUM CAPACITY OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 126 4.1 Introduction 126 4.2 Transmission of Quantum Information 128 4.3 Quantum Coherent Information 136 4.4 The Asymptotic Quantum Capacity 146 4.5 Relation between Classical and Quantum Capacities of Quantum Channels 149 4.6 Further Reading 151
• CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 156 5.1 Introduction 156 5.2 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Channels 157 5.3 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Informational Distance 162 5.4 Computation of Smallest Quantum Ball to Derive the HSW Capacity 182 5.5 Illustrative Example 190 5.6 Geometry of Basic Quantum Channel Models 191 5.7 Geometric Interpretation of HSW Capacities of Different Quantum Channel Models 197 5.8 Further Reading 213
• CHAPTER 6 ADDITIVITY OF QUANTUM CHANNEL CAPACITIES 218 6.1 Introduction 218 6.2 Additivity of Classical Capacity 223 6.3 Additivity of Quantum Capacity 225 6.4 Additivity of Holevo Information 232 6.5 Geometric Interpretation of Additivity of HSW Capacity 245 6.6 Classical and Quantum Capacities of some Channels 260 6.7 The Classical Zero-Error Capacities of some Quantum Channels 264 6.8 Further Reading 265
• CHAPTER 7 SUPERACTIVATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 269 7.1 Introduction 270 7.2 The Non-Additivity of Private Information 270 7.3 Channel Combination for Superadditivity of Private Information 274 7.4 Superactivation of Quantum Capacity of Zero-Capacity Quantum Channels 282 7.5 Behind Superactivation: The Information Theoretic Description 295 7.6 Geometrical Interpretation of Quantum Capacity 302 7.7 Example of Geometric Interpretation of Superactivation 305 7.8 Extension of Superactivation for More General Classes 310 7.9 Superactivation of Zero-Error Capacities 315 7.10 Further Reading 322
• CHAPTER 8 QUANTUM SECURITY AND PRIVACY 325 8.1 Introduction 326 8.2 Quantum Key Distribution 330 8.3 Private Communication over the Quantum Channel 333 8.4 Quantum Cryptographic Primitives 336 8.5 Further Reading 354
• CHAPTER 9 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 362 9.1 Long-Distance Quantum Communications 362 9.2 Levels of Entanglement Swapping 368 9.3 Scheduling Techniques of Purifi cation 371 9.4 Hybrid Quantum Repeater 375 9.5 Probabilistic Quantum Networks 382 9.6 Conclusions 384 9.7 Further Reading 384
• CHAPTER 10 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 388 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Qubit Implementations 391 10.3 Quantum CPUs 396 10.4 Quantum Memories 400 10.5 Further Reading 411 NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 413 REFERENCES 420 INDEX 455.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The authors explain quantum communication theory from an engineering(application) viewpoint including the advanced quantum communication schemes and give an overview on the security of these systems. Each section of the book addresses an area of major researchof quantuminformation theory and quantum communication networks. The authors present the fundamental theoretical results of quantum information theory, and simultaneously present the details of advanced quantum communication protocols with clear mathematical and information theoretical background. The book will describe the engineering principles and questions of advanced communication network, quantum-Internet networks and intelligent quantum-probabilistic network controlling elements. The future quantum communication systems will integrate free-space and fiber-based ccommunication systems; However, the communication between them is the challenge. This book will bridge the gap between quantum physics, quantum information theory and practical engineering.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wireless Access Technologies
• Network and Service Architecture
• Network Management and Security
• Radio Engineering and Antennas
• Facilities Infrastructure
• Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations
• Fundamental Knowledge
• Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms
• Appendix B: Summary of Knowledge Areas
• Appendix C: Creating WEBOK 2.0
• Appendix D: About the IEEE Communications Society.

Responding to requests from industry for a program to ensure consistency and excellence among wireless technical professionals, the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) created its Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) Certification. Many of the wireless experts who helped develop the WCET certification exam, the WEBOK, and ComSoc's wireless training courses, and helped update it in 2010, are editors or contributing authors to this book. Their inherent familiarity with the field and with each other as authors gives the WEBOK a credibility and a thoroughness that cannot be matched.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Wireless Access Technologies
• Network and Service Architecture
• Network Management and Security
• Radio Engineering and Antennas
• Facilities Infrastructure
• Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations
• Fundamental Knowledge
• Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms
• Appendix B: Summary of Knowledge Areas
• Appendix C: Creating WEBOK 2.0
• Appendix D: About the IEEE Communications Society.

Responding to requests from industry for a program to ensure consistency and excellence among wireless technical professionals, the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) created its Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) Certification. Many of the wireless experts who helped develop the WCET certification exam, the WEBOK, and ComSoc's wireless training courses, and helped update it in 2010, are editors or contributing authors to this book. Their inherent familiarity with the field and with each other as authors gives the WEBOK a credibility and a thoroughness that cannot be matched.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PREFACE ix
• CHAPTER 1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN CELLULAR NETWORKS 1 1.1. Overview of cellular communication networks 1 1.2. Metrics for measuring energy efficiency in cellular wireless communication systems 4 1.3. Energy efficiency in base stations 4 1.4. Energy-efficient cellular network design 10 1.5. Interference management and mitigation 11 1.6. Enabling technologies 12 1.6.1. Energy-efficient communication via cognitive radio 12 1.6.2. Using cooperative relays to support energy-efficient communication 13 1.6.2.1. Enabling energy-efficient communication via fixed relays 14 1.6.2.2. Communications in cellular networks via user cooperation 15
• CHAPTER 2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS 17 2.1. Overview of wireless ad hoc networks 17 2.2. Metrics for measuring energy efficiency in wireless ad hoc networks 18 2.3. Energy losses in wireless ad hoc networks 19 2.4. Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks 20 2.4.1. Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks 21 2.5. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) 32 2.5.1. Energy efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks 33
• CHAPTER 3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 37 3.1. Overview of wireless local area networks 37 3.2. Energy consumption metrics for WLANs 39 3.3. Energy efficiency in WLANs 40 3.3.1. Physical layer-based energy-efficient schemes 40 3.3.2. Medium access control (MAC) layer-based energy-efficient schemes 40 3.3.3. Cross-layer-based energy-efficient schemes 43 3.4. Energy efficiency strategies in IEEE 802.11n 46
• CHAPTER 4. ENERGY HARVESTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 49 4.1. Energy harvesting 49 4.1.1. The harvesting concept 53 4.1.1.1. Universal energy-harvesting model 54 4.2. Harvesting techniques 55 4.2.1. Mechanical energy sources 55 4.2.2. Thermal energy sources 57 4.2.3. Radiation energy sources 58 4.2.4. Comparison of harvesting sources 60 4.3. Energy harvesting storage devices 61 4.4. Power management for EH-WSN 62 4.4.1. Discussion on power management for energy harvesting systems 63 4.5. Conclusion 64
• CHAPTER 5. FUTURE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 65 5.1. Energy efficiency in cellular networks 65 5.1.1. Low-energy spectrum sensing 66 5.1.2. Energy-aware medium access control and energy-efficient routing 66 5.1.3. Energy-efficient resource management in heterogeneous cellular networks 67 5.1.4. Cross-layer design and optimization 67 5.1.5. Energy considerations in practical deployments of cooperative and cognitive radio systems 68 5.2. Energy efficiency in ad hoc networks 69 5.2.1. Sampling techniques 69 5.2.2. MAC protocols 70 5.2.3. Routing 70 5.2.4. Mobility challenges 71 5.2.5. Cognitive radio technology applied in wireless ad hoc networks 71 5.3. Energy efficiency in WLAN 71 5.3.1. IEEE 802.11ac (gigabit Wi-Fi) 71 5.3.2. MIMO-based WLAN 72 5.3.3. Super Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.22) 72 5.4. Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks 73 5.4.1. Challenges for energy harvesting in harsh conditions 73 5.4.2. Radiation-based energy harvesters 74 5.4.3. Mechanical sources 74 5.4.4. Thermal sources 75 5.4.5. Medical energy harvesting for wireless sensor devices 75 5.5. Energy efficiency for wireless technologies for developing countries 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 LIST OF ACRONYMS 97 INDEX 101.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented development and growth in global wireless communications systems, technologies and network "traffic" generated over network infrastructures. This book presents state-of-the-art energy-efficient techniques, designs and implementations that pertain to wireless communication networks such as cellular networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless ad hoc networks (WAHNs) including mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as they are deployed across the world to facilitate "always on" reliable high-speed wireless access from anywhere, at anytime to accommodate the new paradigm of the "Internet of Things" (IoT). The pervasive and exponential growth of Wi-Fi and the impact of bandwidth-intensive applications on the energy consumption of Wi-Fi-enabled devices are discussed along with energy harvesting as an advantageous option to power WAHNs. The book aims to serve as a useful reference for researchers, students, regulatory authorities, and educators.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xiii INTRODUCTION xv
• CHAPTER 1. LTE ROLL-OUT 1 1.1. LTE air interface superior features 1 1.1.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA) for the downlink 1 1.1.2. Single-carrier frequency division multiple access for uplink 1 1.1.3. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission 2 1.1.4. Support for component carrier 10 1.1.5. Relaying 11 1.2. LTE FDD, TDD and TD-LTE duplex schemes 13 1.2.1. Duplex schemes 14 1.2.2. LTE TDD/TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA 17 1.2.3. FDD LTE frequency band allocations 18 1.2.4. Allocated frequency bands in Europe, multiband operation 19 1.2.5. TDD LTE frequency band allocations 21 1.3. LTE UE category and class definitions 22 1.3.1. LTE UE category rationale 22 1.3.2. LTE UE category definitions 23 1.4. Interferences in OFDMA 25 1.5. Radio propagation software 35 1.6. Macrocells, microcells and femtocells 37 1.6.1. Macrocells 37 1.6.2. Femtocells 38 1.6.3. Remote radio heads 40 1.6.4. Heterogeneous network 40 1.7. Backhaul 40 1.7.1. The unified backhau l41 1.7.2. Future of Ethernet backhau l42 1.7.3. UMTS IP NodeB transport over converged packet network 44 1.7.4. LTE/EPC transport over converged packet network 49 1.8. Frequency planning 66 1.9. Compatibility with DTT 67 1.10. Health effects 68 1.10.1. Physical facts 69 1.10.2. Specific energy absorption rate 72 1.10.3. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 73 1.10.4. Measurements of SAR, experimental studies 75 1.10.5. Comparison of SAR caused by different devices 77 1.10.6. Safety limits - towers 80 1.11.
• Appendix 1: radio dimensioning and planning exercises (courtesy of Emmanuelle Vivier) 81 1.12.
• Appendix 2: relaying the radio links 84 1.13.
• Appendix 3: LTE-Advanced: requirements 88
• CHAPTER 2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 91 2.1. Introduction 91 2.2. Load tests 93 2.2.1. Dimensioning of network elements to smoothly carry the traffic 93 2.2.2. Dimensioning of signaling channels 94 2.2.3. Load tests on signaling channels 101 2.3. Use of protocol analyzer: example of MAPS system 102 2.3.1. Background 102 2.3.2. Overview 102 2.3.3. Main features 103 2.3.4. Supported protocol standards 104 2.3.5. Test configuration 105 2.3.6. Call generation 106 2.3.7. Call reception 106 2.3.8. Bulk call simulation 108 2.3.9. Customization of call flow and messages using preprocessing tools 108 2.3.10. Call flow and script execution control 109 2.3.11. Call statistics, events, link status 109 2.4. Appendix: TS of SA5 working group of 3GPP TSG SA 110
• CHAPTER 3. OTT SERVICES 151 3.1. Introduction 151 3.1.1. Impact of the technology 151 3.1.2. OTT applications 153 3.1.3. OTT over LTE 153 3.1.4. New services opened by the high-speed Internet generalization 154 3.2. Technical view of OTT services 155 3.2.1. OTT technology 155 3.2.2. Testing OTT performances 161 3.3. OTT services challenging TV telecommunication services 162 3.3.1. Instant messaging business 163 3.3.2. Television and video OTT services 165 3.3.3. Apple TV (source: Wikipedia) 167 3.3.4. Netflix, the 2014 OTT champion 169 3.3.5. "OTT services" provided by the network operators 170 3.3.6. The carrier: neutral or responsible? 171 3.4. OTT services other than television 173 3.4.1. Dedicated services 173 3.4.2. LBS: positioning and GPS-driven applications 174 3.5. Open applications versus verticalization 177 3.5.1. The Apple model 177 CONCLUSION 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 INDEX 193.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G. LTE and LTE Advanced have been recognized by ITU-R and ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications) as the principal solution for the future mobile communication networks standards. They are thus the framework of what the marketing calls 4G and possibly also 5G. This book describes various aspects of LTE as well as the change of paradigm, which it is bringing to mobile communications, focusing on LTE standards and architecture, OFDMA, the Full IP Core Network and LTE security.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Series Page; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; List of Figures; List of Tables; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Acronyms;
• Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Information Hiding Inspired by Nature; 1.2 Information Hiding Basics; 1.3 Information Hiding Throughout the History1; 1.4 Evolution of Modern Information Hiding; 1.5 Emerging Trends in Information Hiding3; 1.6 Applications of Information Hiding and Recent Use Cases; 1.7 Countermeasures for Information Hiding Techniques; 1.8 Potential Future Trends in Information Hiding; 1.9 Summary; 1.10 Organization of the Book; References.

• Chapter 2: Background Concepts, Definitions, and Classification2.1 Classification of Information Hiding in Communication Networks; 2.2 Evolution of Information Hiding Terminology; 2.3 Network Steganography: Definitions, Classification and Characteristic Features; 2.4 Traffic Type Obfuscation: Definitions, Classification and Characteristic Features; 2.5 Hidden Communication Model and Communication Scenarios; 2.6 Information Hiding Countermeasures Models; 2.7 Summary; References;
• Chapter 3: Network Steganography; 3.1 Hiding Information in Protocol Modifications.

• 3.2 Hiding Information in the Timing of Protocol Messages3.3 Hybrid Methods; 3.4 Summary; References;
• Chapter 4: Control Protocols for Reliable Network Steganography; 4.1 Steganographic Control Protocols; 4.2 Deep Hiding Techniques; 4.3 Control Protocol Engineering; 4.5 Techniques for Timing Methods; 4.6 Attacks on Control Protocols; 4.7 Open Research Challenges for Control Protocols; 4.8 Summary; References;
• Chapter 5: Traffic Type Obfuscation; 5.1 Preliminaries; 5.2 Classification Based on the Objective; 5.3 Classification Based on the Implementation Domain; 5.4 Countermeasures; 5.5 Summary.

• 7.5 Information Hiding Concepts for Wireless Networks7.6 Multiplayer Games and Virtual Worlds4; 7.7 Social Networks; 7.8 Internet of Things; 7.9 Summary; References;
• Chapter 8: Network Steganography Countermeasures; 8.1 Overview of Countermeasures; 8.2 Identification and Prevention During Protocol Design; 8.3 Elimination of Covert Channels; 8.4 Limiting the Channel Capacity; 8.5 General Detection Techniques and Metrics; 8.6 Detection Techniques for Covert Channels; 8.7 Future Work; 8.8 Summary; References;
• Chapter 9: Closing Remarks; Glossary; Index; End User License Agreement.

Describes Information Hiding in communication networks, and highlights their important issues, challenges, trends, and applications. This book provides the fundamental concepts, terminology, and classifications of information hiding in communication networks along with its historical background. Information Hiding In Communication Networks: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Applications, and Countermeasures begins with introducing data concealment methods and their evolution. Chapter two discusses the existing terminology and describes the model for hidden communication and related communication scenarios. Chapters three to five present the main classes of information hiding in communication networks accompanied by a discussion of their robustness and undetectability. The book concludes with a discussion of potential countermeasures against information hiding techniques, which includes different types of mechanisms for the detection, limitation and prevention of covert communication channels. . Highlights development trends and potential future directions of Information Hiding. Introduces a new classification and taxonomy for modern data hiding techniques. Presents different types of network steganography mechanisms. Introduces several example applications of information hiding in communication networks including some recent covert communication techniques in popular Internet services This book is intended for academics, graduate students, professionals, and researchers working in the fields of network security, networking, and communications. Wojciech Mazurczyk is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University, Poland. He is also a senior member of IEEE. Steffen Wendzel is Head of Secure Building Automation at the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing, and Ergonomics (FKIE) in Bonn, Germany. Sebastian Zander is a Lecturer at the School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Australia. Amir Houmansadr is an Assistant Professor within the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Krzysztof Szczypiorski is a Professor of Telecommunications at the Institute of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology at Warsaw University of Technology, Poland.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xi
• 1 INTRODUCTION 1 John Thornton and Kao-Cheng Huang 1.1 Lens Antennas: An Overview 2 1.1.1 The Microwave Lens 2 1.1.2 Advantages of Lens Antennas 4 1.1.3 Materials for Lenses 5 1.1.4 Synthesis 6 1.2 Feeds for Lens Antennas 8 1.2.1 Microstrip Feeds 8 1.2.2 Horn Feeds 9 1.3 Luneburg and Spherical Lenses 10 1.4 Quasi Optics and Lens Antennas 14 1.5 Lens Antenna Design 18 1.6 Metamaterial Lens 26 1.7 Planar Lens or Phase-Shifting Surface 30 1.7.1 Refl ect Array 31 1.7.2 Planar Lens or Lens Array 33 1.8 Applications 36 1.9 Antenna Measurements 37 1.9.1 Radiation Pattern Measurement 37 1.9.2 Gain Measurement 38 1.9.3 Polarization Measurement 38 1.9.4 Anechoic Chambers and Ranges 38
• 2 REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 49 Kao-Cheng Huang 2.1 Maxwell's Equations 49 2.1.1 Boundary Conditions 53 2.1.2 Equivalence Theorem 55 2.2 Antenna Parameters 56 2.2.1 Beam Solid Angle and Antenna Temperature 56 2.2.2 Directivity and Gain 58 2.2.3 Antenna Beamwidth 60 2.2.4 Aperture of a Lens 62 2.2.5 Phase Center 63 2.3 Polarization 64 2.4 Wave Propagation in Metamaterials 71
• 3 POLYROD ANTENNAS 77 Kao-Cheng Huang 3.1 Polyrods as Resonators 78 3.2 The Polyrod as a Radiator 83 3.2.1 Tapered Polyrod Antenna 85 3.3 Patch-Fed Circular Polyrod 90 3.4 Array of Polyrods 97 3.5 Multibeam Polyrod Array 105
• 4 MILLIMETER WAVE LENS ANTENNAS 113 Kao-Cheng Huang 4.1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics 114 4.1.1 Millimeter Wave Loss Factors 114 4.1.2 Ray-Tracing Propagation 117 4.2 Millimeter Wave Substrate Lens for Imaging 121 4.3 Millimeter Wave and Submillimeter Wave Lens 126 4.3.1 Extended Hemispherical Lens 128 4.3.2 Off-Axis Extended Hemispherical Lens 133 4.3.3 Submillimeter Wave Lens Antennas for Communications 136 4.4 Analysis of Millimeter Wave Spherical Lens 139 4.5 Waveguide-Fed Millimeter Wave Integrated Lens 141
• 5 LENS ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATIONS FROM HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS 147 John Thornton 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The High-Altitude Platform Concept 148 5.2.1 Spectrum Reuse Using HAPs 150 5.2.2 Example Results: Cell Power and Interference 155 5.3 Advantages of Lenses over Reflector Antennas 159 5.3.1 Reflectors 160 5.3.2 Lenses 161 5.3.3 Commercial Lens Antennas 162 5.4 Development of a Shaped Beam Low-Sidelobe Lens Antenna with Asymmetric Pattern 164 5.4.1 Primary Feed 165 5.4.2 Symmetric 5degree Beamwidth Antenna 166 5.4.3 Asymmetric Beam 166 5.4.4 Measurements 174 5.5 Lens Antenna Payload Model 177 5.6 Multifeed Lens 178 5.7 Multiple Beam Spherical Lens Antennas for HAP Payload 181
• 6 SPHERICAL LENS ANTENNAS 187 John Thornton 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Spherical Lens Overview 192 6.3 Analytical Methods 195 6.3.1 Ray Tracing 195 6.3.2 SWE 197 6.3.3 Computational Method and Results 202 6.3.4 Generic Feed Pattern 206 6.3.5 Commercial Solvers 208 6.4 Spherical Lens Materials and Fabrication Methods 210 6.4.1 Machined Polymers 210 6.4.2 Molding 212 6.4.3 Polymer Foams 212 6.4.4 PU Dielectric Loss 214 6.4.5 Artifi cial Dielectrics 215 6.5 Revisiting the Constant-Index Lens 215 6.5.1 A Practical, Patch-Fed Hemispherical Constant-Index Lens 219 6.5.2 Off-Axis Array-Fed Spherical Lens 219 6.6 Cross-Polarization Properties of Spherical Lenses 221
• 7 HEMISPHERICAL LENS-REFLECTOR SCANNING ANTENNAS 225 John Thornton 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Candidate Scanning Antenna Technologies 226 7.3 Spherical and Hemispherical Lens Antenna 228 7.4 Hemispherical Lens Prototype 229 7.5 Evolution of a Two-Layer Stepped-Index Polymer Lens 232 7.6 A Hemispherical Lens-Reflector Antenna for Satellite Communications 238 7.6.1 Requirements 239 7.6.2 Lens Analysis 240 7.6.3 Three-Layer Lens Geometry 240 7.6.4 Lens Fabrication and Performance 243 7.6.5 Mechanical Tracking System 245 7.6.6 Ground Plane Effects 249 7.6.7 Aperture Blockage in Scanning Lens Reflector 251 7.7 A Low-Index Lens Reflector for Aircraft Communications (Contribution by D. Gray) 252 About the Authors 267 Index 268.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The aim of this book is to present the modern design principles and analysis of lens antennas. It gives graduates and RF/Microwave professionals the design insights in order to make full use of lens antennas. Why do we want to write a book in lens antennas? Because this topic has not been thoroughly publicized, its importance is underestimated. As antennas play a key role in communication systems, recent development in wireless communications would indeed benefit from the characteristics of lens antennas: low profile, and low cost etc. The major advantages of lens antennas are narrow beamwidth, high gain, low sidelobes and low noise temperature. Their structures can be more compact and weigh less than horn antennas and parabolic antennas. Lens antennas with their quasi-optical characteristics, also have low loss, particularly at near millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths where they have particular advantages. This book systematically conducts advanced and up-to-date treatment of lens antennas.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1 LTE Introduction 1 Moray Rumney 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 LTE System Overview 1
• 1.3 The Evolution from UMTS to LTE 3
• 1.4 LTE/SAE Requirements 4
• 1.5 LTE/SAE Timeline 7
• 1.6 Introduction to the 3GPP LTE/SAE Specification Documents 8
• 1.7 References 10
• Chapter 2 Air Interface Concepts 11
• 2.1 Radio Frequency Aspects 11 Moray Rumney
• 2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 53 Moray Rumney
• 2.3 Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 62 Moray Rumney
• 2.4 Multi-Antenna Operation and MIMO 67 Peter Cain
• 2.5 References 89
• Chapter 3 Physical Layer 91
• 3.1 Introduction to the Physical Layer 91
• 3.2 Physical Channels and Modulation 91 Mitsuru Yokoyama, Bai Ying
• 3.3 Multiplexing and Channel Coding 111 Ryo Yonezawa
• 3.4 Introduction to Physical Layer Signaling 128 Mark Stambaugh, Jean-Philippe Gregoire, Peter Goldsack
• 3.5 Physical Layer Procedures 142 Peter Goldsack, Dr. Michael Leung, Dr. K. F. Tsang, CityU
• 3.6 Physical Layer Measurements and Radio Resource Management 148 Moray Rumney
• 3.7 Summary 157
• 3.8 References 157
• Chapter 4 Upper Layer Signaling 159
• 4.1 Access Stratum 159 Peter Goldsack, Sarabjit Singh, Steve Charlton, Venkata Ratnakar and Darshpreet Sabharwal
• 4.2 Non-Access Stratum 178 Sarabjit Singh, Niranjan Das, andPeter Goldsack
• 4.3 References 194
• Chapter 5 System Architecture Evolution 195 Per Kangru, JDSU-- Eng Wei Koo, JDSU-- Mary Jane Pahls-- Sandy Fraser
• 5.1 Requirements for an Evolved Architecture 195
• 5.2 Overview of the Evolved Packet System 199
• 5.3 Quality of Service in EPS 217
• 5.4 Security in the Network 221
• 5.5 Services 222
• 5.6 References 226
• Chapter 6 Design and Verification Challenges 229
• 6.1 Introduction 229 Moray Rumney
• 6.2 Simulation and Early R&D Hardware Testing 232 Jinbiao Xu and Greg Jue
• 6.3 Testing RFICs With DigRF Interconnects 285 Chris Van Woerkom and Roland Scherzinger
• 6.4 Transmitter Design and Measurement Challenges 296 Ben Zarlingo, Moto Itagaki, Craig Grimley and Moray Rumney
• 6.5 Receiver Design and Measurement Challenges 340 Randy Becker, Naoya Izuchi and Sandy Fraser
• 6.6 Receiver Performance Testing 356 Sandy Fraser, Naoya Izuchi and Randy Becker
• 6.7 Testing Open- and Closed-Loop Behaviors of the Physical Layer 378 Peter Cain
• 6.8 Design and Verification Challenges of MIMO 392 Peter Cain and Greg Jue
• 6.9 Beamforming 430 Craig Grimley
• 6.10 SISO and MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 455 Allison Douglas and Moray Rumney
• 6.11 Signaling Protocol Development and Testing 472 Ian Reading
• 6.12 UE Functional Testing 480 Mike Lawton
• 6.13 Battery Drain Testing 493 Moray Rumne and, Ed Brorein
• 6.14 Drive Testing 499 Bob Irvine, JDSU
• 6.15 UE Manufacturing Test 509 Jeff Dralla, Ken Horn and Moray Rumney
• 6.16 References 526
• Chapter 7 Conformance and Acceptance Testing 529
• 7.1 Introduction to Conformance Testing 529 Moray Rumney
• 7.2 RF Conformance Testing 531 Hiroshi Yanagawa, Gim-Seng Lau, Andrea Leonardi and Moray Rumney
• 7.3 UE Signaling Conformance Testing 549 Pankaj Gupta, and Moray Rumney
• 7.4 UE Certification Process (GCF and PTCRB) 555 Masatoshi Obara, Mike Lawton and Moray Rumney
• 7.5 Operator Acceptance Testing 560 Bill McKinley
• 7.6 References 564
• Chapter 8 Looking Towards 4G: LTE-Advanced 567 Moray Rumney
• 8.1 Summary of Release 8 567
• 8.2 Release 9 568
• 8.3 Release 10 and LTE-Advanced 573
• 8.4 Release 11 587
• 8.5 Release 12 595
• 8.6 References 600
• List of Acronyms 601
• Index 613.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A practical guide to LTE design, test and measurement, this new edition has been updated to include the latest developments This book presents the latest details on LTE from a practical and technical perspective. Written by Agilent s measurement experts, it offers a valuable insight into LTE technology and its design and test challenges. Chapters cover the upper layer signaling and system architecture evolution (SAE). Basic concepts such as MIMO and SC-FDMA, the new uplink modulation scheme, are introduced and explained, and the authors look into the challenges of verifying the designs of the receivers, transmitters and protocols of LTE systems. The latest information on RF and signaling conformance testing is delivered by authors participating in the LTE 3GPP standards committees. This second edition has been considerably revised to reflect the most recent developments of the technologies and standards. Particularly important updates include an increased focus on LTE-Advanced as well as the latest testing specifications. * Fully updated to include the latest information on LTE 3GPP standards * Chapters on conformance testing have been majorly revised and there is an increased focus on LTE-Advanced * Includes new sections on testing challenges as well as over the air MIMO testing, protocol testing and the most up-to-date test capabilities of instruments * Written from both a technical and practical point of view by leading experts in the field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface ix Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Early History of Antennas 1 1.2 Antennas and Electromagnetic Radiation 2 1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 2 1.2.2 Short Wire Dipole Radiation 5 1.3 The Modern History of Antennas 6 1.4 Frequency Spectrum and Antenna Types 8 1.4.1 Dipole Antennas 8 1.4.2 Loop Antennas 9 1.4.3 Aperture Antennas 10 1.4.4 Reflector Antennas 10 1.4.5 Array Antennas 11 1.4.6 Modern Antennas 11 1.5 Organization of the Book 12 1.6 Problems 13 References 13 2 Antenna System-Level Performance Parameters 15 2.1 Radiation Pattern 15 2.1.1 Field Regions 16 2.1.2 Three-Dimensional Radiation Pattern 17 2.1.3 Planar Cuts 19 2.1.4 Power Patterns 22 2.1.5 Directivity and Gain 25 2.1.6 Antenna Beamwidth 28 2.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth 29 2.3 Polarization 32 2.3.1 Elliptical Polarization 33 2.3.2 Circular Polarization 35 2.3.3 Linear Polarization 35 2.3.4 Axial Ratio 36 2.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length 38 2.4.1 Effective Area 38 2.4.2 Vector Effective Length 40 2.5 Radio Equation 41 2.6 Radar Equation 43 2.6.1 Radar Cross-
• Section 44 2.7 Problems 46 References 47 3 Vector Analysis 49 3.1 Addition and Subtraction 49 3.2 Products 50 3.2.1 Scalar Product or Dot Product 50 3.2.2 Vector Product or Cross Product 51 3.2.3 Triple Product 52 3.3 Differentiation 53 3.3.1 Gradient 54 3.3.2 Divergence 55 3.3.3 Curl 57 3.4 Problems 61 4 Radiated Fields 63 4.1 Maxwell Equations 63 4.2 Vector Potential 64 4.3 Far-Field Approximations 69 4.3.1 Magnetic Field 69 4.3.2 Electric Field 73 4.4 Reciprocity 75 4.4.1 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 75 4.4.2 Antenna Reciprocity 77 4.5 Problems 79 References 79 5 Dipole Antennas 81 5.1 Elementary Dipole 81 5.1.1 Radiation 82 5.1.2 Input Impedance 86 5.2 Non-Infinitesimal Dipole Antenna 87 5.2.1 Radiation 87 5.2.2 Input Impedance 96 5.3 Printed Monopole and Inverted-F Antennas 97 5.3.1 Application of Theory 98 5.3.2 Planar Monopole Antenna Design 99 5.3.3 Printed UWB Antenna Design 105 5.3.4 Miniature Monopole with Cable Current Suppression 113 5.3.5 Inverted-F Antenna Design 120 5.4 Problems 128 References 129 6 Loop Antennas 131 6.1 General Constant Current Loop 131 6.1.1 Radiation 132 6.1.2 Input Impedance 136 6.1.3 Small Loop Antenna 137 6.1.4 Comparison of Short Dipole and Small Loop Antenna 138 6.2 Printed Loop Antenna 139 6.2.1 Application of Theory 139 6.2.2 Design of a Printed Loop Antenna 143 6.3 Problems 149 References 152 7 Aperture Antennas 153 7.1 Magnetic Sources 154 7.2 Uniqueness Theorem 156 7.3 Equivalence Principle 158 7.4 Radiated Fields 160 7.5 Uniform Distribution in a Rectangular Aperture 161 7.6 Uniform Distribution in a Circular Aperture 166 7.7 Microstrip Antennas 170 7.7.1 Application of Theory 172 7.7.2 Design of a Linearly Polarized Microstrip Antenna 175 7.7.3 Design of a Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna 179 7.8 Problems 185 References 188 8 Array Antennas 189 8.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source Radiators 189 8.2 Array Factor 195 8.3 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes 195 8.3.1 Side-Lobe Level 196 8.3.2 Grating Lobes 196 8.4 Linear Phase Taper 197 8.5 Grating Lobes 202 8.6 Special Topics 203 8.6.1 Mutual Coupling 203 8.6.2 Antenna Diversity 212 8.6.3 Sequential Rotation and Phasing 213 8.7 Array Antenna Design 217 8.7.1 Theory 220 8.7.2 A Linear Microstrip Patch Array Antenna 221 8.8 Problems 229 References 230 Appendix A Effective Aperture and Directivity 231 Appendix B Vector Formulas 235 Appendix C Complex Analysis 237 C.1 Complex Numbers 237 C.2 Use of Complex Variables 240 Appendix D Physical Constants and Material Parameters 243 References 244 Appendix E Two-Port Network Parameters 245 Appendix F Transmission Line Theory 249 F.1 Distributed Parameters 249 F.2 Guided Waves 252 F.2.1 VSWR and Reflection Factor 254 F.2.2 Impedance and Relative Impedance 254 F.3 Input Impedance of a Transmission Line 255 F.4 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 255 F.4.1 Matched Load 255 F.4.2 Short Circuit 256 F.4.3 Open Circuit 256 F.4.4 Imaginary Unit Termination 257 F.4.5 Real Termination 257 F.5 Quarter Wavelength Impedance Transformer 257 Appendix G Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) 259 References 260 Index 261.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This comprehensive text on antenna theory explains the origin of radiation and discusses antenna parameters in-depth This book offers an in-depth coverage of fundamental antenna theory, and shows how to apply this in practice. The author discusses electromagnetic radiation and antenna characteristics such as impedance, radiation pattern, polarization, gain and efficiency. In addition, the book provides readers with the necessary tools for analyzing complex antennas and for designing new ones. Furthermore, a refresher chapter on vector algebra, including gradient, divergence and curl operation is included. Throughout the book ample examples of employing the derived theory are given and all chapters are concluded with problems, giving the reader the opportunity to test his/her acquired knowledge. Key Features: * Covers the mathematical and physical background that is needed to understand electromagnetic radiation and antennas* Discusses the origin of radiation and provides an in-depth explanation of antenna parameters* Explores all the necessary steps in antenna analysis allowing the reader to understand and analyze new antenna structures* Contains a chapter on vector algebra, which is often a stumbling block for learners in this field* Includes examples and a list of problems at the end of each chapter* Accompanied by a website containing solutions to the problems (for instructors) and CST modeling files (www.wiley.com/go/visser-antennas This book will serve as an invaluable reference for advanced (last year Bsc, Msc) students in antenna and RF engineering, wireless communications, electrical engineering, radio engineers and other professionals needing a reference on antenna theory. It will also be of interest to advanced/senior radio engineers, designers and developers.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PREFACE ix
• ABBREVIATIONS xi
• INTRODUCTION xv
• CHAPTER 1. THE FOUNDATIONS OF SATELLITE NETWORKS 1
• 1.1. Introduction 1
• 1.2. Satellite orbits 3
• 1.2.1. Characteristics of the ellipse 3
• 1.2.2. Kepler s laws 4
• 1.2.3. Orbital parameters for earth satellites 5
• 1.2.4. Orbital perturbations 7
• 1.2.5. Maintaining and surviving an orbit 7
• 1.3. Time, time variation and coverage 8
• 1.3.1. Geometric data 8
• 1.3.2. Approximation of coverage 11
• 1.3.3. Time interval between two successive intersatellite transfers 12
• 1.3.4. Time and time variation 12
• 1.4. Orbital paths 13
• 1.4.1. GEO-type systems 14
• 1.4.2. Elliptical systems 15
• 1.4.3. MEO-type systems 17
• 1.4.4. LEO-type systems 17
• 1.5. Characteristics of cellular satellite systems 19
• 1.6. The advantages of LEO systems 22
• 1.7. Handover in LEO satellite networks 23
• 1.7.1. Link-layer handover 24
• 1.7.2. Network-layer handover 25
• CHAPTER 2. AN INTRODUCTION TO TELETRAFFIC 27
• 2.1. Introduction 27
• 2.2. The history of teletraffic theory and technique 28
• 2.2.1. Queuing theory 28
• 2.2.2. Teletraffic theory 29
• 2.3. Basic concepts 30
• 2.3.1. The birth death process 31
• 2.3.2. Poisson process 32
• 2.4. Erlang-B and Erlang-C models 34
• 2.4.1. Blocking probability and the Erlang-B formula 34
• 2.4.2. Queuing probability and the Erlang-C formula 36
• CHAPTER 3. CHANNEL ALLOCATION STRATEGIES AND THE MOBILITY MODEL 39
• 3.1. Introduction 39
• 3.2. Channel allocation techniques 40
• 3.2.1. Fixed channel allocation techniques 41
• 3.2.2. Dynamic channel allocation techniques 41
• 3.3. Spotbeam handover and priority strategies 43
• 3.3.1. Spotbeam handover 43
• 3.3.2. Priority strategies for handover requests 45
• 3.4. Mobility model 48
• 3.5. Analysis of the mobility model 53
• CHAPTER 4. EVALUATION PARAMETERS METHOD 63
• 4.1. Introduction 63
• 4.2. The advantages of the LEO MSS mobility model 64
• 4.3. Evaluation parameters method 71
• 4.3.1. Position of the MU in the cell 71
• 4.3.2. The moment the next handover request initializes 72
• 4.3.3. Maximum queuing time 74
• 4.4. Pseudo-last useful instant queuing strategy 77
• 4.4.1. Putting handover requests in a queue 77
• 4.4.2. Handover request management 77
• 4.4.3. LUI queuing strategy 78
• 4.4.4. Pseudo-LUI queuing strategy 79
• 4.5. Guard channel strategy: dynamic channel reservation-like 81
• 4.5.1. Dynamic channel reservation technique 81
• 4.5.2. Dynamic channel reservation DCR-like technique 83
• CHAPTER 5. ANALYTICAL STUDY 85
• 5.1. Introduction 85
• 5.2. An analysis of FCA-QH with different queuing strategies 85
• 5.3. Analytical study of FCR and FCR-like 91
• 5.3.1. An analysis of FCR 91
• 5.3.2. An analysis of FCR-like 94
• CHAPTER 6. THE RESCUING SYSTEM 101
• 6.1. Introduction 101
• 6.2. Fuzzy logic 102
• 6.2.1. Definition of fuzzy subsets 102
• 6.2.2. Decisions in the fuzzy environment 102
• 6.3. The problem 103
• 6.4. Rescuing system 105
• CHAPTER 7. RESULTS AND SIMULATION 109
• 7.1. Introduction 109
• 7.2. The (folded) simulated network 110
• 7.3. Simulation results 112
• 7.3.1. Verifying the simulation: a comparison with the analytical results of the FCA-QH case with different queuing strategies 113
• 7.3.2. A comparison of FCA and DCA, DCA-QH & FCA-QH simulation using LUI 115
• 7.3.3. A comparison of NPS and QH, DCA-NPS & DCA-QH simulation 116
• 7.3.4. Comparison of QH strategies, DCA-QH FIFO, LUI, PLUI simulation 117
• 7.3.5. Verifying the simulation: a comparison with the analytical results of the FCR and FCR-like case 119
• 7.3.6. A comparison of DCR and DCR-like 120
• CHAPTER 8. PAB FOR IP TRAFFIC IN SATELLITE NETWORKS 127
• 8.1. Introduction 127
• 8.2. Proportional allocation of bandwidth 129
• 8.2.1. Implementation of PAB 130
• 8.3. Determination of the label fraction 135
• 8.3.1. Equal fractions 135
• 8.3.2. AP fractions 135
• 8.3.3. GP fractions 135
• 8.4. Simulation and results 136
• 8.4.1. Single congested link 137
• 8.4.2. Multiple congested link 146
• 8.5. Conclusion 149
• GENERAL CONCLUSION 151
• APPENDIX 1 157
• APPENDIX 2 161
• APPENDIX 3 163
• APPENDIX 4 167
• APPENDIX 5 169
• BIBLIOGRAPHY 181
• INDEX 201.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides a novel method based on advantages of mobility model of Low Earth Orbit Mobile Satellite System LEO MSS which allows the evaluation of instant of subsequent handover of a MS even if its location is unknown. This method is then utilized to propose two prioritized handover schemes, Pseudo Last Useful Instant PLUI strategy and Dynamic Channel Reservation DCR-like scheme based respectively on LUI and DCR schemes, previously proposed in literature. The authors also approach a different aspect of handover problem: calls with short durations dropped due to a handover failure. We propose a decision system based on fuzzy logic Rescuing System that allows the rescue of calls with short durations facing a premature at the expense of those lasting for long durations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword xi Preface xiii About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xxi Part One BACKGROUNDS OF MPEG-2 SYSTEMS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Scope of This Book 7 1.2 Some Definitions 7 References 8 2 Technology Developments Around 1990 9 References 11 3 Developments in Audio and Video Coding in MPEG 13 3.1 The Need for Compression 13 3.1.1 Compression Factors for Audio 14 3.1.2 Compression Factors for Video 14 3.2 MPEG Video 19 3.2.1 Introduction 19 3.2.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Essentials 20 3.2.3 Evolution of MPEG Video 39 3.3 MPEG Audio 47 3.3.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio Essentials 47 3.3.2 Evolution of MPEG Audio 53 References 59 4 Other Important Content Formats 61 4.1 Metadata 61 4.2 Timed Text 64 4.3 Lossless and Scalable Lossless Audio 69 4.4 Multiview Video 69 4.5 3D Video 70 4.5.1 Left and Right Views in a Single Video Stream 73 4.5.2 Depth Information Associated to 2D Video 75 4.5.3 Use of MVC to Convey Left and Right Views 78 4.5.4 Further 3D Video Evolution 79 References 80 5 Motivation for a Systems Standard 83 6 Principles Underlying the MPEG-2 Systems Design 87 6.1 Building an End-to-End System 87 6.1.1 Constant End-to-End Delay 87 6.1.2 Video Coding Delay 88 6.1.3 Audio Coding Delay 94 6.1.4 Delay Compensation 95 6.2 The Multiplex and Demultiplex Operation 97 6.3 Delivery Schedule of MPEG System Streams 106 6.4 Synchronization of Audio and Video 108 6.5 MPEG-2 System Streams and the STD Model 113 6.6 Timing Issues 118 6.6.1 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-1 Systems 119 6.6.2 Regeneration of the STC in System Decoders 121 6.6.3 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-2 Systems 125 6.7 Quality of Service Issues 127 6.8 Transport Layer Independence 131 References 132 7 MPEG-1 Systems: Laying the MPEG-2 Foundation 133 7.1 Driving Forces 133 7.2 Objectives and Requirements 136 7.3 Structure of MPEG-1 System Streams 138 7.4 The MPEG-1 System Target Decoder 143 7.5 The MPEG-1 System Stream 155 7.5.1 Data Structure and Design Considerations 155 7.5.2 Constrained System Parameter Streams 161 7.5.3 Compliancy Requirements of MPEG-1 System Streams 166 7.6 MPEG-1 Applications 168 7.6.1 Compact Disc 168 7.6.2 Computers 169 7.7 Conclusions on MPEG-1 169 References 170 Part Two THE MPEG-2 SYSTEMS STANDARD 171 8 The Development of MPEG-2 Systems 173 8.1 Driving Forces 173 8.2 Objectives and Requirements 176 8.3 The Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems 178 References 185 9 Layering in MPEG-2 Systems 187 9.1 Need for Program Streams and Transport Streams 187 9.2 PES Packets as a Common Layer 188 9.3 Program Streams 189 9.4 Transport Streams 193 9.4.1 Transport Packets 193 9.4.2 Conveying PES Packets in Transport Packets 195 9.4.3 The Size of Transport Packets 196 9.4.4 Multiple Programs, PSI, Descriptors and Sections 199 9.4.5 Conveying Sections in Transport Packets 213 References 214 10 Conditional Access and Scrambling 217 10.1 Support of Conditional Access Systems 217 10.2 Scrambling in Transport Streams 219 10.3 Improving the Interoperability between CA Systems 224 10.4 Scrambling in Program Streams 225 Reference 226 11 Other Features of MPEG-2 Systems 227 11.1 Error Resiliency 227 11.2 Re-Multiplexing of Transport Streams 230 11.3 Local Program Insertion in Transport Streams 234 11.3.1 Usage of Local Program Insertions 234 11.3.2 Associated PSI Issues 235 11.3.3 Time Base Discontinuities 236 11.4 Splicing in Transport Streams 239 11.5 Variable Bitrate and Statistical Multiplexing 245 11.6 Padding and Stuffing 245 11.7 Random Access and Parsing Convenience 248 11.8 Carriage of Private Data 250 11.9 Copyright and Copy Control Support 254 11.10 Playback Trick Modes 255 11.11 Single Program and Partial Transport Streams 255 11.12 Program Stream Carriage within a Transport Stream 258 11.13 PES Streams 260 11.14 Room for Future Extensions 260 References 261 12 The MPEG-2 System Target Decoder Model 263 12.1 Introduction to the MPEG-2 STD 263 12.2 The Program Stream STD: P-STD 264 12.2.1 Description of P-STD 264 12.2.2 Buffer Management in the P-STD 267 12.2.3 CSPS: Constrained System Parameter Program Stream 268 12.2.4 Usage of P-STD for PES-STD 270 12.3 Transport Stream STD: T-STD 275 12.3.1 Description of T-STD 275 12.3.2 The Use of Transport Buffers 279 12.3.3 System Data Processing and Buffer Management 281 12.3.4 Processing of Elementary Stream Data 284 12.3.5 T-STD Buffers for Elementary Stream Decoding 288 12.3.6 Buffer Management for Elementary Stream Data 290 12.4 General STD Constraints and Requirements 290 12.5 Content Format Specific STD Issues 292 12.5.1 Decoding of MPEG Audio Streams in STD Model 292 12.5.2 Decoding of MPEG Video Streams in STD Model 295 13 Data Structure and Design Considerations 299 13.1 System Time Clock Samples and Time Stamps 299 13.2 PES Packets 301 13.3 Descriptors of Programs and Program Elements 309 13.3.1 General Format of Descriptors 309 13.3.2 Types of Descriptors 311 13.3.3 System Orientated Descriptors 311 13.3.4 General Content Descriptors 315 13.4 Program Streams 319 13.5 Sections 326 13.6 Transport Streams and Transport Packets 329 Reference 331 14 Content Support in MPEG-2 Systems 333 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 MPEG-1 334 14.2.1 MPEG-1 Video 334 14.2.2 MPEG-1 Audio 334 14.2.3 MPEG-1 System Stream 334 14.3 MPEG-2 336 14.3.1 MPEG-2 Video 336 14.3.2 MPEG-2 (BC) Audio 338 14.3.3 MPEG-2 AAC 340 14.3.4 MPEG-2 DSM-CC 341 14.3.5 MPEG-2 System Stream 342 14.3.6 MPEG-2 IPMP 343 14.4 (ITU-T Rec.) H.222.1 343 14.5 MHEG 344 14.6 MPEG-4 345 14.6.1 MPEG-4 Visual 345 14.6.2 MPEG-4 Audio 346 14.6.3 MPEG-4 Timed Text 349 14.6.4 MPEG-4 Systems 350 14.7 AVC 354 14.8 SVC 360 14.9 3D Video 366 14.9.1 Service Compatible and Frame Compatible 3D Video 366 14.9.2 Depth or Parallax Map as Auxiliary Video Stream 369 14.9.3 MVC 370 14.10 JPEG 2000 Video 376 14.11 Metadata 377 14.12 Overview of Assigned Stream-type Values 387 References 389 15 The Real-Time Interface for Transport Streams 391 Reference 396 16 Relationship to Download and Streaming Over IP 397 16.1 IP Networks and MPEG-2 Systems 397 16.2 Streaming Over IP 397 16.3 Download 400 16.4 Carriage of MPEG-2 Systems Across IP Networks 400 16.5 Adaptive HTTP Streaming 401 References 401 17 MPEG-2 System Applications 403 18 The Future of MPEG-2 Systems 407 Reference 412 Epilogue 413 Annexes 423 Index 427.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

It is important to understand the fundamentals of MPEG-2 Systems in order to design high performance, cost effective products that support or use this standard. In-depth knowledge of the fundamentals of the standard, including the theoretical basis of it, is essential for those who may be extending the MPEG-2 Systems standard in the future, or designing other standards that address some of the same design problems. The MPEG-2 Systems standard itself is concise and rigorous. However it does not serve well as an educational treatise. MPEG-2 Systems in Perspective will describe the fundamentals and details of MPEG-2 Systems technology and will also provide background and anecdotes on how and why MPEG-2 Systems became what is. To understand MPEG-2 Systems, basic knowledge of MPEG video and audio is needed because several of the basic concepts in MPEG-2 Systems were developed first for MPEG-1 Systems. The book therefore includes some preliminary chapters about compression, MPEG-1 and fundamentals before moving onto MPEG-2 systems and concluding with some additional issues such as encoding, reception, other standards and applications. This book provides a tutorial introduction into MPEG-2 transport, both the Transport Stream and the Program Stream, including MPEG-2 tables.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
This book describes the fundamentals and details of MPEG-2Systems technology Written by an expert in the field, this book examines the MPEG-2system specification as developed in the early 1990 s, aswell as its evolution into the fourth edition of the MPEG-2 systemsstandard, published in 2013. While MPEG-2 systems will continue toevolve further, this book describes the MPEG-2 system functionalityas of October 2013. Furthermore, relevant background information isprovided. The discussion of MPEG-2 system functionality requiresknowledge of various fundamental issues, such as timing, andsupported content formats. Therefore also some basic information onvideo and audio coding is provided, including their evolution. Alsoother content formats supported in MPEG-2 systems are described, asfar as needed to understand MPEG-2 systems. * Ordered logically working from the basics and backgroundthrough to the details and fundamentals of MPEG-2 transport streamsand program streams * Explores important issues within the standardization processitself * Puts the developments on MPEG-2 systems into historicperspective * Includes support of 3D Video and transport of AVC, SVC andMVC * Concludes with additional issues such as real-time interface, delivery over IP networks and usage by application standardizationbodies * Predicts a continuing promising future for MPEG-2 transportstreams.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface ix
• 1 Introduction to Body Area Communications 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 Promising Applications 2 1.2.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications 3 1.2.2 Assistance to People with Disabilities 7 1.2.3 Consumer Electronics and User Identification 7 1.3 Available Frequency Bands 8 1.3.1 UWB Band 8 1.3.2 MICS Band 10 1.3.3 ISM Band 10 1.3.4 HBC Band 11 1.4 Standardization (IEEE Std 802.15.6-2012) 11 1.4.1 Narrow Band PHY Specification 12 1.4.2 UWB PHY Specification 13 1.4.3 HBC PHY Specification 15 References 18
• 2 Electromagnetic Characteristics of the Human Body 21 2.1 Human Body Composition 21 2.2 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Properties 22 2.3 Tissue Property Modeling 23 2.4 Aging Dependence of Tissue Properties 30 2.5 Penetration Depth versus Frequency 35 2.6 In-Body Absorption Characteristic 39 2.7 On-Body Propagation Mechanism 43 2.8 Diffraction Characteristic 49 References 52
• 3 Electromagnetic Analysis Methods 55 3.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 55 3.1.1 Formulation 55 3.1.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 59 3.1.3 Field Excitation 64 3.1.4 FDTD Flow Chart and Code 65 3.1.5 Frequency-Dependent FDTD Method 67 3.2 MoM-FDTD Hybrid Method 71 3.2.1 MoM Formulation 73 3.2.2 Scattered Field FDTD Formulation 75 3.2.3 Hybridization of MoM and FDTD Method 76 3.3 Finite Element Method 78 3.4 Numerical Human Body Model 83 References 87
• 4 Body Area Channel Modeling 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Path Loss Model 91 4.2.1 Free-Space Path Loss 91 4.2.2 On-Body UWB Path Loss 92 4.2.3 In-Body UWB Path Loss 98 4.2.4 In-Body MICS Band Path Loss 104 4.2.5 HBC Band Path Loss and Equivalent Circuit Expression 107 4.3 Multipath Channel Model 118 4.3.1 Saleh Valenzuela Impulse Response Model 119 4.3.2 On-Body UWB Channel Model 119 4.3.3 In-Body UWB Channel Model 135 References 141
• 5 Modulation/Demodulation 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Modulation Schemes 144 5.2.1 ASK, FSK and PSK 144 5.2.2 IR-UWB 147 5.2.3 MB-OFDM 151 5.3 Demodulation and Error Probability 155 5.3.1 Optimum Demodulation for ASK, FSK and PSK 155 5.3.2 Noncoherent Detection for ASK, FSK and PSK 159 5.3.3 Optimum Demodulation for IR-UWB 161 5.3.4 Noncoherent Detection for IR-UWB 164 5.3.5 MB-OFDM Demodulation 167 5.4 RAKE Reception 168 5.5 Diversity Reception 174 References 179
• 6 Body Area Communication Performance 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 On-Body UWB Communication 182 6.2.1 Bit Error Rate 182 6.2.2 Link Budget 194 6.2.3 Maximum Communication Distance 198 6.3 In-Body UWB Communication 201 6.3.1 Bit Error Rate 201 6.3.2 Link Budget 206 6.4 In-Body MICS-Band Communication 212 6.4.1 Bit Error Rate 212 6.4.2 Link Budget 213 6.5 Human Body Communication 216 6.5.1 Bit Error Rate 216 6.5.2 Link Budget 217 6.6 Dual Mode Body Area Communication 219 References 221
• 7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Considerations 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 SAR Analysis 225 7.2.1 Safety Guidelines 225 7.2.2 Analysis and Assessment Methods 227 7.2.3 Transmitting Power versus SAR 234 7.3 Electromagnetic Interference Analysis for the Cardiac Pacemaker 245 7.3.1 Cardiac Pacemaker Model and Interference Mechanism 245 7.3.2 Electromagnetic Field Approach 249 7.3.3 Electric Circuit Approach 250 7.3.4 Transmitting Signal Strength versus Interference Voltage 255 7.3.5 Experimental Assessment System 262 References 266
• 8 Summary and Future Challenges 267 Index 273.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Providing an introduction to the fundamentals of body area communications, this book covers the key topics of channel modeling, modulation and demodulation, and performance evaluation A systematic introduction to body area networks (BAN), this book focuses on three major parts: channel modeling, modulation/demodulation communications performance, and electromagnetic compatibility considerations. The content is logically structured to lead readers from an introductory level through to in-depth and more advanced topics. * Provides a concise introduction to this emerging topic based on classroom-tested materials * Details the latest IEEE 802.15.6 standard activities * Moves from very basic physics, to useful mathematic models, and then to practical considerations * Covers not only EM physics and communications, but also biological applications * Topics approached include: link budget, bit error rate performance, RAKE and diversity reception; SAR analysis for human safety evaluation; and modeling of electromagnetic interference to implanted cardiac pacemakers * Provides Matlab and Fortran programs for download from the Companion Website.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xi
• 1 BASICS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Why the Field Approach is Important 3 1.3 The Role of Circuit Analysis 4 1.4 Getting Started 5 1.5 Voltage and the Electric Field 6 1.6 Current 7 1.7 Capacitance 8 1.8 Mutual and Self-Capacitance 10 1.9 E Fields Inside Conductors 11 1.10 The D Field 12 1.11 Energy Storage in a Capacitor 12 1.12 The Energy Stored in an Electric Field 13 1.13 The Magnetic Field 13 1.14 Rise Time/Fall Time 15 1.15 Moving Energy into Components 15 1.16 Faraday's Law 16 1.17 Self- and Mutual Inductance 16 1.18 Poynting's Vector 17 1.19 Fields at DC 18
• 2 TRANSMISSION LINES 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Some Common Assumptions 24 2.3 Transmission Line Types 25 2.4 Characteristic Impedance 27 2.5 Wave Velocity 29 2.6 Step Waves on a Properly Terminated Line 30 2.7 The Open Circuited Transmission Line 31 2.8 The Short Circuited Transmission Line 33 2.9 Waves that Transition between Lines with Different Characteristic Impedances 35 2.10 Nonlinear Terminations 38 2.11 Discharging a Charged Open Transmission Line 38 2.12 Ground/Power Planes 40 2.13 The Ground and Power Planes as a Tapered Transmission Line 41 2.14 Pulling Energy from a Tapered Transmission Line (TTL) 43 2.15 The Energy Flow Through Cascaded (Series) Transmission Lines 45 2.16 An Analysis of Cascaded Transmission Lines 48 2.17 Series (Source) Terminating a Transmission Line 49 2.18 Parallel (Shunt) Terminations 50 2.19 Stubs 52 2.20 Decoupling Capacitor as a Stub 54 2.21 Transmission Line Networks 54 2.22 The Network Program 55 2.23 Measuring Characteristic Impedance 56
• 3 RADIATION AND INTERFERENCE COUPLING 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 The Nature of Fields in Logic Structures 62 3.3 Classical Radiation 62 3.4 Radiation from Step Function Waves 63 3.5 Common Mode and Normal Mode 66 3.6 The Radiation Pattern along a Transmission Line 70 3.7 Notes on Radiation 70 3.8 The Cross Coupling Process (Cross Talk) 71 3.9 Magnetic Component of Cross Coupling 72 3.10 Capacitive Component of Cross Coupling 74 3.11 Cross Coupling Continued 75 3.12 Cross Coupling between Parallel Transmission Lines of Equal Length 76 3.13 Radiation from Board Edges 78 3.14 Ground Bounce 79 3.15 Susceptibility 80
• 4 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 82 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 The Power Time Constant 84 4.3 Capacitors 86 4.4 The Four-Terminal Capacitor or DTL 87 4.5 Types of DTLs 89 4.6 Circuit Board Resonances 90 4.7 Decoupling Capacitors 90 4.8 The Board Decoupling Problem 92 4.9 The IC Decoupling Problem 93 4.10 Comments on Energy Management 94 4.11 Skin Effect 95 4.12 Dielectric Losses 97 4.13 Split Ground/Power Planes 97 4.14 The Analog/digital Interface Problem 98 4.15 Power Dissipation 99 4.16 Traces through Conducting Planes 100 4.17 Trace Geometries that Reduce Termination Resistor Counts 101 4.18 The Control of Connecting Spaces 101 4.19 Another way to look at Energy Flow in Transmission Lines 103
• 5 SIGNAL INTEGRITY ENGINEERING 106 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 The Envelope of Permitted Logic Levels 107 5.3 Net Lists 108 5.4 Noise Budgets 108 5.5 Logic Level Variation 109 5.6 Logic and Voltage Drops 110 5.7 Measuring the Performance of a Net 111 5.8 The Decoupling Capacitor 112 5.9 Cross Coupling Problems 114 5.10 Characteristic Impedance and the Error Budget 114 5.11 Resistor Networks 116 5.12 Ferrite Beads 117 5.13 Grounding in Facilities: A Brief Review 118 5.14 Grounding as Applied to Electronic Hardware 120 5.15 Internal Grounding of a Digital Circuit Board 123 5.16 Power Line Interference 124 5.17 Electrostatic Discharge 125
• 6 CIRCUIT BOARDS 130 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 More about Characteristic Impedance 131 6.3 Microstrip 133 6.4 Centered Stripline 135 6.5 Embedded Microstrip 136 6.6 Asymmetric Stripline 137 6.7 Two-Layer Boards 140 6.8 Four-Layer Circuit Board 143 6.9 Six-Layer Boards 145 Glossary 147 Abbreviations and Acronyms 149 Bibliography 157 Index 159.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A unique, practical approach to the design of high-speed digital circuit boardsThe demand for ever-faster digital circuit designs is beginning to render the circuit theory used by engineers ineffective. Digital Circuit Boards presents an alternative to the circuit theory approach, emphasizing energy flow rather than just signal interconnection to explain logic circuit behavior.The book shows how treating design in terms of transmission lines will ensure that the logic will function, addressing both storage and movement of electrical energy on these lines. It covers transmission lines in all forms to illustrate how trace geometry defines where the signals can travel, then goes on to examine transmission lines as energy sources, the true nature of decoupling, types of resonances, ground bounce, cross talk, and more.Providing designers with the tools they need to lay out digital circuit boards for fast logic and to get designs working the first time around, Digital Circuit Boards Reviews in simple terms the basic physics necessary to understand fast logic designDebunks the idea that electrical conductors carry power and signals, showing that signal travels in the spaces, not the traces, of circuit boardsExplains logic circuit behavior through real-time analysis involving the fields and waves that carry signal and energyProvides new information on how ground/power planes workOutlines a software program for solving energy flow in complex networks.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
This book features a unique, practical approach to the design of high-speed digital circuit boards. It provides designers with the tools they need to lay out digital circuit boards for fast logic and to get designs working the first time around. Presenting an alternative to the circuit theory approach, it emphasizes energy flow rather than just signal interconnection to explain logic circuit behavior. The book shows how treating design in terms of transmission lines will ensure that the logic will function, addressing both storage and movement of electrical energy on these lines.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xi List of Symbols xv
• Chapter 1. Prologue 1 1.1. Scalars and vectors 2 1.2. Effect of rotations on scalars and vectors 5 1.3. Integrals involving vectors 7 1.4. Gradient and curl, conservative field and scalar potential 8 1.5. Divergence, conservative flux, and vector potential 10 1.6. Other properties of the vector differential operator 10 1.7. Invariance and physical laws 11 1.8. Electric charges in nature 14 1.9. Interactions in nature 18 1.10. Problems 19
• Chapter 2. Electrostatics in Vacuum 23 2.1. Electric forces and field 23 2.2. Electric energy and potential 25 2.3. The two fundamental laws of electrostatics 26 2.4. Poisson s equation and its solutions 29 2.5. Symmetries of the electric field and potential 31 2.6. Electric dipole 34 2.7. Electric field and potential of simple charge configurations 38 2.8. Some general properties of the electric field and potential 39 2.9. Electrostatic energy of a system of charges 42 2.10. Electrostatic binding energy of ionic crystals and atomic nuclei 48 2.11. Interaction-at-a-distance and local interaction* 50 2.12. Problems 52
• Chapter 3. Conductors and Currents 61 3.1. Conductors in equilibrium 61 3.2. Conductors with cavities, electric shielding 64 3.3. Capacitors 66 3.4. Mutual electric influence of conductors 72 3.5. Electric forces between conductors 73 3.6. Currents and current densities 76 3.7. Classical model of conduction, Ohm s law and the Joule effect 79 3.8. Resistance of conductors 81 3.9. Variation of resistivity with temperature, superconductivity 82 3.10. Band theory of conduction, semiconductors* 84 3.11. Electric circuits 90 3.12. Problems 92
• Chapter 4. Dielectrics 97 4.1. Effects of dielectric on capacitors 97 4.2. Polarization of dielectrics 99 4.3. Microscopic interpretation of polarization 100 4.4. Polarization charges in dielectric 102 4.5. Potential and field of polarized dielectrics 103 4.6. Gauss s law in the case of dielectrics, electric displacement 105 4.7. Electrostatic equations in dielectrics 106 4.8. Field and potential of permanent dielectrics 109 4.9. Polarization of a dielectric in an external field 113 4.10. Energy and force in dielectrics 115 4.11. Action of an electric field on a polarized medium 116 4.12. Electric susceptibility and permittivity 118 4.13. Variation of polarization with temperature 120 4.14. Nonlinear dielectrics and non-isotropic dielectrics 122 4.15. Problems 124
• Chapter 5. Special Techniques and Approximation Methods 127 5.1. Unicity of the solution 128 5.2. Method of images 130 5.3. Method of analytic functions 134 5.4. Method of separation of variables 135 5.5. Laplace s equation in Cartesian coordinates 136 5.6. Laplace s equation in spherical coordinates 138 5.7. Laplace s equation in cylindrical coordinates143 5.8. Multipole expansion 146 5.9. Other methods 147 5.10. Problems 149
• Chapter 6. Magnetic Field in Vacuum 153 6.1. Force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charge 153 6.2. Force exerted by a magnetic field on a current, Laplace s force 155 6.3. Magnetic flux and vector potential 157 6.4. Magnetic field of particles and currents, Biot-Savart s law 159 6.5. Magnetic moment 161 6.6. Symmetries of the magnetic field 165 6.7. Ampere s law in the integral form 167 6.8. Field and potential of some simple circuits 169 6.9. Equations of time-independent magnetism in vacuum, singularities of B 174 6.10. Magnetic energy of a circuit in a field B 178 6.11. Magnetic forces 180 6.12. Question of magnetic monopoles* 186 6.13. Problems188
• Chapter 7. Magnetism in Matter 195 7.1. Types of magnetism 195 7.2. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism 197 7.3. Magnetization current 201 7.4. Magnetic field and vector potential in the presence of magnetic matter 203 7.5. Ampere s law in the integral form in the presence of magnetic matter 204 7.6. Equations of time-independent magnetism in the presence of matter 206 7.7. Discontinuities of the magnetic field 209 7. 8. Examples of calculation of the field of permanent magnets 211 7.9. Magnetization of a body in an external field 214 7.10. Magnetic susceptibility, nonlinear mediums and non-isotropic mediums 216 7.11. Action of a magnetic field on a magnetic body 218 7.12. Magnetic energy in matter 220 7.13. Variation of magnetization with temperature 221 7.14. Ferromagnetism 224 7.15. Magnetic circuits 227 7.16. Problems 229
• Chapter 8. Induction 233 8.1. Induction due to the variation of the flux, Faraday s and Lenz s laws 233 8.2. Neumann s induction 235 8.3. Lorentz induction 236 8.4. Lorentz induction and the Galilean transformation of fields 239 8.5. Mutual inductance and self-inductance 240 8.6. LR circuit 244 8.7. Magnetic energy 247 8.8. Magnetic forces acting on circuits 249 8.9. Some applications of induction 252 8.10. Problems 256
• Chapter 9. Maxwell s Equations 263 9.1. Fundamental laws of electromagnetism 263 9.2. Maxwell s equations 267 9.3. Electromagnetic potentials and gauge transformation 270 9.4. Quasi-permanent approximation 272 9.5. Discontinuities on the interface of two mediums 276 9.6. Electromagnetic energy and Poynting vector 277 9.7. Electromagnetic pressure, Maxwell s tensor 278 9.8. Problems 280
• Chapter 10. Electromagnetic Waves 283 10.1. A short review on waves 284 10.2. Electromagnetic waves in infinite vacuum and dielectrics 291 10.3. Polarization of electromagnetic waves 295 10.4. Energy and intensity of plane electromagnetic waves 299 10.5. Momentum and angular momentum densities, radiation pressure 301 10.6. A simple model of dispersion 304 10.7. Electromagnetic waves in conductors 308 10.8. Electromagnetic waves in plasmas 314 10.9. Quantization of electromagnetic waves 320 10.10. Electromagnetic spectrum 321 10.11. Emission of electromagnetic radiations 323 10.12. Spontaneous and stimulated emissions 325 10.13. Problems 328
• Chapter 11. Reflection, Interference, Diffraction and Diffusion 337 11.1. General laws of reflection and refraction 337 11.2. Reflection and refraction on the interface of two dielectrics 340 11.3. Total reflection 346 11.4. Reflection on a conductor 349 11.5. Reflection on a plasma 352 11.6. Interference of two electromagnetic waves 353 11.7. Superposition of several waves, conditions for observable interference 355 11.8. Huygens-Fresnel s principle and diffraction by an aperture 357 11.9. Diffraction by an obstacle, Babinet s theorem 363 11.10. Diffraction by several randomly distributed identical apertures 364 11.11. Diffraction grating 365 11.12. X-ray diffraction 368 11.13. Diffusion of waves* 370 11.14. Cross-section* 375 11.15. Problems 378
• Chapter 12. Guided Waves 389 12.1. Transmission lines 390 12.2. Guided waves 394 12.3. Waveguides formed by two plane and parallel plates 397 12.4. Guided electromagnetic waves in a hollow conductor 400 12.5. Energy propagation in waveguides 404 12.6. Cavities 406 12.7. Applications of waveguides 407 12.8. Problems 409
• Chapter 13. Special Relativity and Electrodynamics 413 13.1. Galilean relativity in mechanics 414 13.2. Galilean relativity and wave theory* 415 13.3. The 19th Century experiments on the velocity of light 420 13.4. Special theory of relativity 421 13.5. Four-dimensional formalism 424 13.6. Elements of relativistic mechanics 427 13.7. Special relativity and wave theory* 430 13.8. Elements of relativistic electrodynamics 434 13.9. Problems 438
• Chapter 14. Motion of Charged Particles in an Electromagnetic Field 443 14.1. Motion of a charged particle in an electric field 443 14.2. Bohr model for the hydrogen atom* 447 14.3. Rutherford s scattering * 450 14.4. Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field 451 14.5. Motion in crossed electric and magnetic fields 457 14.6. Magnetic moment in a magnetic field 459 14.7. Problems 461
• Chapter 15. Emission of Radiation 467 15.1. Retarded potentials and fields 467 15.2. Dipole radiation 469 15.3. Electric dipole radiation 470 15.4. Magnetic dipole radiation 474 15.5. Antennas 476 15.6. Potentials and fields of a charged particle* 479 15.7. Case of a charged particle with constant velocity * 482 15.8. Radiated energy by a moving charge 484 15.9. Problems 486 Answers to Some Problems 491 Appendix A. Mathematical Review 511 Appendix B. Units in Physics 527 Appendix C. Some Physical Constants 533 Further Reading 535 Index 537.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book deals with electromagnetic theory and its applications at the level of a senior-level undergraduate course for science and engineering. The basic concepts and mathematical analysis are clearly developed and the important applications are analyzed. Each chapter contains numerous problems ranging in difficulty from simple applications to challenging. The answers for the problems are given at the end of the book. Some chapters which open doors to more advanced topics, such as wave theory, special relativity, emission of radiation by charges and antennas, are included. The material of this book allows flexibility in the choice of the topics covered. Knowledge of basic calculus (vectors, differential equations and integration) and general physics is assumed. The required mathematical techniques are gradually introduced. After a detailed revision of time-independent phenomena in electrostatics and magnetism in vacuum, the electric and magnetic properties of matter are discussed. Induction, Maxwell equations and electromagnetic waves, their reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction are also studied in some detail. Four additional topics are introduced: guided waves, relativistic electrodynamics, particles in an electromagnetic field and emission of radiation. A useful appendix on mathematics, units and physical constants is included. Contents 1. Prologue. 2. Electrostatics in Vacuum. 3. Conductors and Currents. 4. Dielectrics. 5. Special Techniques and Approximation Methods. 6. Magnetic Field in Vacuum. 7. Magnetism in Matter. 8. Induction. 9. Maxwell s Equations. 10. Electromagnetic Waves. 11. Reflection, Interference, Diffraction and Diffusion. 12. Guided Waves. 13. Special Relativity and Electrodynamics. 14. Motion of Charged Particles in an Electromagnetic Field. 15. Emission of Radiation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• M2M area network physical layers. IEEE 802.15.4
• Powerline communication for M2M applications
• Legacy M2M protocols for sensor networks, building automation and home automation. The BACnet protocol
• The LonWorksʼ control networking platform
• ModBus
• KNX
• ZigBee
• Z-Wave
• Legacy M2M protocols for utility metering. M-Bus and wireless M-Bus
• The ANSI C12 Suite
• DLMS/COSEM
• The next generation: IP-based protocols. 6LoWPAN and RPL
• ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0
• The ETSI M2M architecture
• Key applications of the Internet of things. The smart grid
• Electric vehicle charging.

An all-in-one reference to the major Home Area Networking, Building Automation and AMI protocols, including 802.15.4 over radio or PLC, 6LowPAN/RPL, ZigBee 1.0 and Smart Energy 2.0, Zwave, LON, BACNet, KNX, ModBus, mBus, C.12 and DLMS/COSEM, and the new ETSI M2M system level standard. In-depth coverage of Smart-grid and EV charging use cases. This book describes the Home Area Networking, Building Automation and AMI protocols and their evolution towards open protocols based on IP such as 6LowPAN and ETSI M2M. The authors discuss the approach taken by service providers to interconnect the protocols and solve the challenge of massive scalability of machine-to-machine communication for mission-critical applications, based on the next generation machine-to-machine ETSI M2M architecture. The authors demonstrate, using the example of the smartgrid use case, how the next generation utilities, by interconnecting and activating our physical environment, will be able to deliver more energy (notably for electric vehicles) with less impact on our natural resources. Key Features: Offers a comprehensive overview of major existing M2M and AMI protocols Covers the system aspects of large scale M2M and smart grid applications Focuses on system level architecture, interworking, and nationwide use cases Explores recent emerging technologies: 6LowPAN, ZigBee SE 2.0 and ETSI M2M, and for existing technologies covers recent developments related to interworking Relates ZigBee to the issue of smartgrid, in the more general context of carrier grade M2M applications Illustrates the benefits of the smartgrid concept based on real examples, including business cases This book will be a valuable guide for project managers working on smartgrid, M2M, telecommunications and utility projects, system engineers and developers, networking companies, and home automation companies. It will also be of use to senior academic researchers, students, and policy makers and regulators.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of Figures xiii List of Tables xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgements xxxiii 1 Introduction to Optical Communications 1 1.1 Evolution of Lightwave Technology 1 1.2 Laser Technologies 3 1.3 Optical Fibre Communication Systems 4 1.4 Lightwave Technology in Future 7 1.5 Optical Lightwave Spectrum 7 1.6 Optical Fibre Transmission 9 1.7 Multiple Access Techniques 10 1.8 Spread Spectrum Communications Techniques 14 1.9 Motivations for Optical CDMA Communications 21 1.10 Access Networks Challenges 22 1.11 Summary 23 References 24 2 Optical Spreading Codes 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Bipolar Codes 30 2.3 Unipolar Codes: Optical Orthogonal Codes 37 2.4 Unipolar Codes: Prime Code Families 41 2.5 Codes with Ideal In-Phase Cross-Correlation 62 2.6 Multidimensional Optical Codes 76 2.7 Channel Encoding in OCDMA Systems 84 2.8 Turbo-Coded Optical CDMA 100 2.9 Summary 110 References 111 3 Optical CDMA Review 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Optical Coding Principles 115 3.3 OCDMA Networking: Users Are Codes 117 3.4 Optical CDMA Techniques 119 3.5 Free-Space and Atmospheric Optical CDMA 126 3.6 Summary 128 References 128 4 Spectrally Encoded OCDMA Networks 133 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Schemes 134 4.3 System Considerations 141 4.4 Gaussian Approach Analysis 144 4.5 Negative Binomial Approach Analysis 153 4.6 Spectral-Phase-Coding Schemes 164 4.7 Summary 167 References 167 5 Incoherent Temporal OCDMA Networks 171 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 PPM-OCDMA Signalling 172 5.3 PPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 173 5.4 PPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis 180 5.5 Discussion of Results 183 5.6 Overlapping PPM-OCDMA Signalling 187 5.7 OPPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 188 5.8 OPPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis 196 .9 Discussion of Results 203 5.10 Analysis of Throughput 209 5.11 Summary 211 References 211 6 Coherent Temporal OCDMA Networks 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Coherent Homodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture 214 6.3 Coherent Heterodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture 222 6.4 Summary 229 References 230 7 Hybrid Temporal Coherent and Incoherent OCDMA Networks 231 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Coherent Transmitter with Incoherent Receiver 232 7.3 Analysis of Transceivers with MAI Cancellation 235 7.4 Results and Throughput Analysis 239 7.5 Summary 244 References 244 8 Optical CDMA with Polarization Modulations 245 8.1 Introduction 245 8.2 Optical Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK) 247 8.3 PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 254 8.4 Evaluation of PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Performance 263 8.5 Transceiver Architecture for Hybrid F-PolSK-OCDMA 265 8.6 Performance of F-PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver 273 8.7 Long-Haul PolSK Transmission 273 8.8 Summary 278 References 278 9 Optical CDMA Networking 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 OCDMA-PON 289 9.3 OCDMA-PON Architecture 290 9.4 IP Traffic over OCDMA Networks 299 9.5 Random Access Protocols 308 9.6 Multi-Protocol Label Switching 330 9.7 Summary 342 References 344 10 Services Differentiation and Quality of Services in Optical CDMA Networks 347 10.1 Introduction 347 10.2 Differentiated Services in Optical CDMA 351 10.3 Variable-Weight Optical Spreading Codes 354 10.4 Variable-Length Optical Spreading Codes 364 10.5 Multirate Differentiated Services in OCDMA Networks 376 10.6 Summary 383 References 384 Index 387.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book focuses heavily on the principles, analysis and applications of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques in optical communication systems and networks. In this book, the authors intimately discuss modern optical networks and their applications in current and emerging communication technologies, evaluating the quality, speed and number of supported services. In particular, principles and fundamentals of optical CDMA techniques from beginner to advanced levels are heavily covered. Furthermore, the authors concentrate on methods and techniques of various encoding and decoding schemes and their structures, as well as analysis of optical CDMA systems with various transceiver models including advanced multi-level incoherent and coherent modulations with the architecture of access/aggregation networks in mind. Moreover, authors examine intriguing topics of optical CDMA networking, compatibility with IP networks, and implementation of optical multi-rate multi-service CDMA networks. This title features: expanded coverage of optical CDMA networks, starts from principles and fundamentals; and comprehensive mathematical modelling and analysis from signal to system levels. It addresses the applications of modern optical networking in the current and emerging communication technologies. There is greater focus on advanced optical multi-level incoherent and coherent modulations, spreading codes, and transceiver designs. There are detailed hardware specifications, system-level block diagrams, and network nodes' functionalities. This book appeals to researchers, practicing engineers, and advanced students. It is a practical resource for readers with an interest in optical communications and networks.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Until now, no book has adequately treated all engineering aspects of microwave communications in the digital age. This important new work provides readers with the depth of knowledge necessary for all the practical engineering details associated with fixed point-to-point microwave radio path design: the why, what, and how of microwave transmission; design objectives; engineering methodologies; and design philosophy (in the bid, design, and acceptance phase of the project). Written in an easily accessible format, the book is complete with an appendix of specialized engineering details and formulas.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)