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• Normal Forces From Static Objects - Relative Motion - Surface Friction Forces - Tension Forces - Gravitational Force I - Gravitational Force II - Inertia - Inertia and Gravitational Forces - Newton's Third Law in Dynamics

This second edition of Charles Camp and John Clement's book contains a set of 24 innovative lessons and laboratories in mechanics for high school physics classrooms that was developed by a team of teachers and science education researchers. Research has shown that certain student preconceptions conflict with current physical theories and seem to resist change when using traditional instructional techniques. This book provides a set of lessons that are aimed specifically at these particularly troublesome areas: Normal Forces, Friction, Newton's Third Law, Relative Motion, Gravity, Inertia, and Tension. The lessons can be used to supplement any course that includes mechanics. Each unit contains detailed step by step lesson plans, homework and test problems, as_ well as background information on common student misconceptions, an overall integrated teaching strategy, and key aspects of the targeted core concepts. This edition has a number of substantial changes based on teacher input. A number of the lessons are adaptable for college level courses as well. Evaluations using pre-and post-tests have shown large gain differerfces over control groups

• Questions - Questions - Questions - Questions - Questions - Questions - Questions - Questions for Exam A - Questions for Exam B - Questions for Exam A - Questions for Exam B - Resources - Additional Resources.

This book presents clear and detailed solutions to all problems from the annual F=ma contest hosted by the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) between 2011 and 2019. The competition is the precursor to the USAPhO (United States National Physics Olympiad) and the IPhO (International Physics Olympiad). F = ma Contests: 2011-2019 Solutions Manual bridges a significant gap in existing literature for competition preparation and is a great resource for students preparing for physics exams and competitions.

• Introduction - Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis of Hydro-dynamics and Mass Transfer in Spacer-Filled RO Channels - Quasi-2D Predictive Modeling of an RO Module from Experimental Data - Model-Based Optimization of Specific Energy Consumption in Seawater RO - Optimization and Plant Validation of BWRO Operation - Systematic Analysis and Optimization of Pressure Retarded Osmosis for Power Generation - Hybrid RO-PRO for Energy-Efficient Desalination - Batch Operation of RO and PRO.

Analysis and Design of Membrane Process: A Systems Approach highlights the fundamentals and emerging technology in the field of industrial reverse osmosis desalination and membrane processes. It provides a unique, systems engineering perspective of membrane operation, focusing on analysis, design, and optimization of membrane processes. An explanation of mathematical and optimization knowledge is introduced and then applied throughout the book. Key topics include: --Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes --Predictive models for RO module performance --Analysis and optimization of brackish and seawater RO desalination --Energy production using pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) --Integration of RO and PRO for energy-efficient desalination --Dynamic operation of batch RO and batch PRO This work is essential reading for researchers who are interested in membrane-based processes, and those working within the water industry as well as undergraduate and graduate students.

• Frontmatter
• Contents
• Preface
• One. What Is Thermodynamics? The First Law
• Two .Why We Can't Go Back in Time The Second and Third Laws
• Three. How Did Classical Thermodynamics Come to Exist?
• Four. How Do We Use (and Might We Use) Thermodynamics?
• Five. How Has Thermodynamics Evolved?
• Six. How Can We Go Beyond the Traditional Scope of Thermodynamics?
• Seven. What Can Thermodynamics Teach Us About Science More Generally?
• Index

A short and entertaining introduction to thermodynamics that uses real-world examples to explain accessibly an important but subtle scientific theory A romantic description of the second law of thermodynamics is that the universe becomes increasingly disordered. But what does that actually mean? Starting with an overview of the three laws of thermodynamics, MacArthur "genius grant" winner R. Stephen Berry explains in this short book the fundamentals of a fundamental science. Readers learn both the history of thermodynamics, which began with attempts to solve everyday engineering problems, and ongoing controversy and unsolved puzzles. The exposition, suitable for both students and armchair physicists, requires no previous knowledge of the subject and only the simplest mathematics, taught as needed. With this better understanding of one science, readers also gain an appreciation of the role of research in science, the provisional nature of scientific theory, and the ways scientific exploration can uncover fundamental truths. Thus, from a science of everyday experience, we learn about the nature of the universe. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Frontmatter
• Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nonlinear maps
• 3. Dynamical systems
• 4. Ordinary differential equations I, initial value problems
• 5. Ordinary differential equations II, boundary value problems
• 6. Partial differential equations I, basics
• 7. Partial differential equations II, applications
• 8. Monte Carlo methods (MC)
• A. Matrices and systems of linear equations
• B. Program library
• C. Solutions of the problems
• D. README and a short guide to FE-tools
• Index

Drawing on examples from various areas of physics, this textbook introduces the reader to computer-based physics using Fortran (R) and Matlab (R). It elucidates a broad palette of topics, including fundamental phenomena in classical and quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics and dynamical systems, as well as effects in field theories and macroscopic pattern formation described by (nonlinear) partial differential equations. A chapter on Monte Carlo methods is devoted to problems typically occurring in statistical physics. Contents Introduction Nonlinear maps Dynamical systems Ordinary differential equations I Ordinary differential equations II Partial differential equations I, basics Partial differential equations II, applications Monte Carlo methods (MC) Matrices and systems of linear equations Program library Solutions of the problems README and a short guide to FE-tools.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The new edition of a classic text that concentrates on developing general methods for studying the behavior of classical systems, with extensive use of computation. We now know that there is much more to classical mechanics than previously suspected. Derivations of the equations of motion, the focus of traditional presentations of mechanics, are just the beginning. This innovative textbook, now in its second edition, concentrates on developing general methods for studying the behavior of classical systems, whether or not they have a symbolic solution. It focuses on the phenomenon of motion and makes extensive use of computer simulation in its explorations of the topic. It weaves recent discoveries in nonlinear dynamics throughout the text, rather than presenting them as an afterthought. Explorations of phenomena such as the transition to chaos, nonlinear resonances, and resonance overlap to help the student develop appropriate analytic tools for understanding. The book uses computation to constrain notation, to capture and formalize methods, and for simulation and symbolic analysis. The requirement that the computer be able to interpret any expression provides the student with strict and immediate feedback about whether an expression is correctly formulated. This second edition has been updated throughout, with revisions that reflect insights gained by the authors from using the text every year at MIT. In addition, because of substantial software improvements, this edition provides algebraic proofs of more generality than those in the previous edition; this improvement permeates the new edition.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Frontmatter
• Foreword
• Contents
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• Chapter 2. Vectors and Vector Operations
• Chapter 3. Simplification of Force Systems
• Chapter 4. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
• Chapter 5. Friction
• Chapter 6. Kinematics of Particles
• Chapter 7. Planar Kinematics of Rigid Bodies
• Chapter 8. Kinetics: Equations of Motion
• Chapter 9. Kinetics: Work and Energy
• Chapter 10. Kinetics: Impulse and Momentum
• Answers
• References

Engineering mechanics provides the theories and methods of describing and predicting the state of equilibrium or accelerated motion of particles or rigid bodies under the action of forces. It consists of three parts: statics (chapters 1-5), kinematics (chapters 6 and 7) and kinetics (chapters 8-10) and it is basically corresponding to the course of "theoretical mechanics" in China. It is hoped that this book will help to develop in engineering students the correct understanding of the principles of mechanics and the ability to analyze and solve engineering problems using the principles. This book can be used as a teaching material for civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace, transportation and other engineering majors in colleges and universities, and as a self-study book for relevant technical personnel.

• Introduction xi Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1. Vector Calculus 1 1.1. Vector space 1 1.1.1. Definition 1 1.1.2. Vector space - dimension - basis 2 1.1.3. Affine space 3 1.2. Affine space of dimension 3 - free vector 4 1.3. Scalar product aâ b 5 1.3.1. Properties of the scalar product 6 1.3.2. Scalar square - unit vector 6 1.3.3. Geometric interpretation of the scalar product 7 1.3.4. Solving the equation a--
• â x--
• = 0 9 1.4. Vector product a â § b 9 1.4.1. Definition 9 1.4.2. Geometric interpretation of the vector product 10 1.4.3. Properties of vector product 11 1.4.4. Solving the equation a â § x = b 11 1.5. Mixed product (a , b, c ) 12 1.5.1. Definition 12 1.5.2. Geometric interpretation of the mixed product 12 1.5.3. Properties of the mixed product 13 1.6. Vector calculus in the affine space of dimension 3 15 1.6.1. Orthonormal basis 15 1.6.2. Analytical expression of the scalar product 16 1.6.3. Analytical expression of the vector product 16 1.6.4. Analytical expression of the mixed product 17 1.7. Applications of vector calculus 18 1.7.1. Double vector product 18 1.7.2. Resolving the equation a--
• â x--
• = b 22 1.7.3. Resolving the equation a â § x = b 23 1.7.4. Equality of Lagrange 25 1.7.5. Equations of planes 25 1.7.6. Relations within the triangle 27 1.8. Vectors and basis changes 28 1.8.1. Einstein's convention 28 1.8.2. Transition table from basis (e) to basis (E) 30 1.8.3. Characterization of the transition table 32 Chatper 2. Torsors and Torsor Calculus 35 2.1. Vector sets 35 2.1.1. Discrete set of vectors 35 2.1.2. Set of vectors defined on a continuum 36 2.2. Introduction to torsors 37 2.2.1. Definition 37 2.2.2. Equivalence of vector families 38 2.3. Algebra torsors 38 2.3.1. Equality of two torsors 38 2.3.2. Linear combination of torsors 39 2.3.3. Null torsors 39 2.3.4. Opposing torsor 40 2.3.5. Product of two torsors 40 2.3.6. Scalar moment of a torsor - equiprojectivity 41 2.3.7. Invariant scalar of a torsor 43 2.4. Characterization and classification of torsors 43 2.4.1. Torsors with a null resultant 43 2.4.2. Torsors with a no-null resultant 45 2.5. Derivation torsors 48 2.5.1. Torsor dependent on a single parameter q 49 2.5.2. Torsor dependent of n parameters qi functions of p 51 2.5.3. Explicitly dependent torsor of n + 1 parameters 52 Chapter 3. Derivation of Vector Functions 55 3.1. Derivative vector: definition and properties 55 3.2. Derivative of a function in a basis 56 3.3. Deriving a vector function of a variable 57 3.3.1. Relations between derivatives of a function in different bases 57 3.3.2. Differential form associated with two bases 63 3.4. Deriving a vector function of two variables 65 3.5. Deriving a vector function of n variables 68 3.6. Explicit intervention of the variable p 70 3.7. Relative rotation rate of a basis relative to another 71 Chapter 4. Vector Functions of One Variable Skew Curves 73 4.1. Vector function of one variable 73 4.2. Tangent at a point M 74 4.3. Unit tangent vector Ï ( q) 76 4.4. Main normal vector ( ) q ν 77 4.5. Unit binormal vector ( ) q ss 79 4.6. Frenet's basis 80 4.7. Curvilinear abscissa 81 4.8. Curvature, curvature center and curvature radius 83 4.9. Torsion and torsion radius 84 4.10. Orientation in (λ) of the Frenet basis 87 Chapter 5. Vector Functions of Two Variables Surfaces 91 5.1. Representation of a vector function of two variables 91 5.1.1. Coordinate curves 91 5.1.2. Regular or singular point - tangent plane - unit normal vector 93 5.1.3. Distinctive surfaces 95 5.1.4. Ruled surfaces 101 5.1.5. Area element 110 5.2. General properties of surfaces 111 5.2.1. First quadratic form 111 5.2.2. Darboux-Ribaucour's trihedral 114 5.2.3. Second quadratic form 119 5.2.4. Meusnier's theorems 121 5.2.5. Geodesic torsion 123 5.2.6. Prominent curves traced on a surface 125 5.2.7. Directions and principal curvatures of a surface 127 Chapter 6. Vector Function of Three Variables: Volumes 135 6.1. Vector functions of three variables 135 6.1.1. Coordinate surfaces 135 6.1.2. Coordinate curves 136 6.1.3. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 136 6.2. Volume element 137 6.2.1. Definition 137 6.2.2. Applications to traditional coordinate systems 138 6.3. Rotation rate of the local basis 139 6.3.1. Calculation of the partial rotation rate 1δ (λ , e) 140 6.3.2. Calculation of the rotation rate 143 Chapter 7. Linear Operators 145 7.1. Definition 145 7.2. Intrinsic properties 145 7.3. Algebra of linear operators 147 7.3.1. Unit operator 147 7.3.2. Equality of two linear operators 147 7.3.3. Product of a linear operator by a scalar 147 7.3.4. Sum of two linear operators 148 7.3.5. Multiplying two linear operators 148 7.4. Bilinear form 149 7.5. Quadratic form 150 7.6. Linear operator and basis change 150 7.7. Examples of linear operators 152 7.7.1. Operation f = a ^ F 152 7.7.2. Operation f = a ^ (a ^ F) 152 7.7.3. Operation f = a(b â F) 153 7.7.4. Operation f = a ^ (F ^ a) 155 7.8. Vector rotation Ru----, a 156 7.8.1. Expression of the vector rotation 156 7.8.2. Quaternion associated with the vector rotation Ru----, a 159 7.8.3. Matrix representation of the vector rotation 160 7.8.4. Basis change and rotation vector 162 Chapter 8. Homogeneity and Dimension 165 8.1. Notion of homogeneity 165 8.2. Dimension 165 8.3. Standard mechanical dimensions 166 8.4. Using dimensional equations 168 Bibliography 171 Index 173.
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The formalism processing of unbuckled solids mechanics involves several mathematical tools which are to be mastered at the same time. This volume collects the main points which take place in the course of the formalism, so that the user immediately finds what he needs without looking for it. Furthermore, the book contains a methodological formulary to guide the user in his approach.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Mathematical Mechanical Preliminaries
• 2. Reentry Attitude Dynamics
• 3. Dynamics and Control of Coaxial Satellite Gyrostats
• 4. Deployment, Dynamics, and Control of a Tether-Assisted Return Mission of a Reentry Capsule
• 5. Removal of Large Space Debris by a Tether Tow
• 6. Original Tasks of Space Mechanics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Rigid Body Dynamics for Space Applications explores the modern problems of spaceflight mechanics, such as attitude dynamics of re-entry and space debris in Earth's atmosphere; dynamics and control of coaxial satellite gyrostats; deployment, dynamics, and control of a tether-assisted return mission of a re-entry capsule; and removal of large space debris by a tether tow. Most space systems can be considered as a system of rigid bodies, with additional elastic and viscoelastic elements and fuel residuals in some cases. This guide shows the nature of the phenomena and explains the behavior of space objects. Researchers working on spacecraft attitude dynamics or space debris removal as well as those in the fields of mechanics, aerospace engineering, and aerospace science will benefit from this book.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction ix Table of Notations xv
• Chapter 1. Location of Solid Bodies 1 1.1. The notion of system of reference 1 1.2. Frame of reference 2 1.2.1. Setting up a frame of reference 2 1.2.2. Various types of frames of reference 9 1.3. Location of a solid body 14 1.3.1. The principle of locating a solid 15 1.3.2. Location parameters of a solid 15 1.3.3. Coordinates of the position vector 16 1.3.4. Exercises 20 1.4. Positioning of a system of reference connected to a solid 22 1.4.1. Several examples of location systems of reference 22 1.4.2. General location parameters 26 1.4.3. Euler angles 28 1.4.4. Changes of basis in the Euler representation . 29 1.4.5. Exercises 36 1.5. Vector rotation R u , α 44 1.5.1. Exercises 47 1.6. Other exercises 51 1.6.1. Exercise 7 - Location of an airplane - Euler angles 51 1.6.2. Exercise 8 - Vector rotation 55 1.6.3. Exercise 9 - Vector rotation 57 1.6.4. Exercise 10 -Vector rotation 59
• Chapter 2. Solid Kinematics 63 2.1. Generalities on moving solids 63 2.1.1. Concept of a rigid material system 63 2.1.2. Notion of time 64 2.1.3. Kinematic components of a solid 65 2.2. Kinematics of a material point 66 2.2.1. Position vector 66 2.2.2. Trajectory of a material point in a reference frame 66 2.2.3. Velocity of a material point in a reference frame 67 2.2.4. Components of the velocity vector or velocity 68 2.2.5. Derivative of a vector in a basis 71 2.2.6. Acceleration vector of a material point in a reference frame 74 2.2.7. Exercises 79 2.3. Velocity field associated with the motion of the rigid solid 85 2.3.1. Fundamental formula for the velocity 85 2.3.2. Use of matrix notation 87 2.3.3. Velocity-distributing torsor 89 2.3.4. Partial distributing 89 2.4. Acceleration field of the rigid solid 91 2.4.1. Derivative in relation to the time of the rate of rotation 91 2.4.2. Derivation of a vector of the solid 92 2.4.3. Fundamental formula of acceleration 92 2.4.4. Matrix notation of the vectorial product 92 2.4.5. Exercises 93 2.5. Motion with fixed plane 102 2.5.1. Position of the problem 102 2.5.2. Instantaneous rotation center 104 2.5.3. Fixed and mobile centroids of the motion 106 2.5.4. The instantaneous center of rotation on the fixed centroid and on the movable centroid 107 2.5.5. Physical interpretation of the notions of fixed centroid and mobile centroid 108 2.5.6. Exercises 109 2.6. Combining motions within a mobile frame of reference 117 2.6.1. Position of the problem 117 2.6.2. Trajectory of a material point in the different frames 118 2.6.3. Combination of velocities 118 2.6.4. Combination of accelerations 123 2.6.5. Application exercises 128 2.7. Relative motion of two rigid solids in contact 141 2.7.1. Position of the problem 141 2.7.2. Velocity-distributing torsors 141 2.7.3. Characterization of motions 142 2.7.4. Nature of the contact between (S1) and (S2) 143 2.7.5. Exercises 145 2.8. Other exercises 156 2.8.1. Exercise 21 - Motion with fixed plane 156 2.8.2. Exercise 22 - Combination of motions 160 2.8.3. Exercise 23 - Kinematics of contact in a system 169
• Chapter 3. Kinetics of Solid Bodies 177 3.1. The mass of a continuous mechanical set (D ) 177 3.1.1. The notion of measure on a continuous mechanical set 178 3.1.2. The volume and the mass of a continuous mechanical set 178 3.2. Center of the measure of μ on (D ) 179 3.2.1. Definition 179 3.2.2. Uniqueness of the center of measure 179 3.2.3. Center of measure of two disjoint sets 180 3.2.4. Coordinates of the center of measure in a system of reference ?'λ?A 181 3.3. Interpretation of the notion of center of measure 183 3.4. Kinetic torsor of a mechanical set (D ) 183 3.4.1. Definition - linear momentum 183 3.4.2. Kinetic torsor { } S pλ of a rigid solid body 185 3.4.3. Inertia operator OS (
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The set of books on Mechanical Engineering and Solid Mechanics, of which this book is the first volume, is an essential tool for those looking to develop a rigorous knowledge of the discipline, whether students, professionals (in search of an approach to a problem they are dealing with), or anyone else interested. This volume deals with the elements required for establishing the equations of motion when dealing with solid bodies. Chapter 1 focuses on the systems of reference used to locate solid bodies relative to the observer, and demonstrates how to describe their position, orientation, and evolution during their motion. Chapter 2 introduces descriptors of motion such as velocity and acceleration, and develops the concept of torsor notation in relation to these descriptors. Finally, Chapter 3 concerns the notions of mass and inertia, as well as the kinetic torsor and dynamic torsor which consolidate the kinematic and kinetic aspects in a single concept.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PREFACE ix NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS xiii
• CHAPTER 1. PURE CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 1 1.1. Characteristic values of a solid 1 1.2. Effect of stress and Young's modulus 2 1.3. Microscopic description of crystalline solids 4 1.4. Partition function of vibration of a solid 5 1.4.1. Einstein's single-frequency model 5 1.4.2. Debye's frequency distribution model 6 1.4.3. Models with more complex frequency distributions 9 1.5. Description of atomic solids 10 1.5.1. Canonical partition function of an atomic solid 10 1.5.2. Helmholtz energy and internal energy of an atomic solid 11 1.6. Description of molecular solids 13 1.6.1. Partition function of molecular crystals 13 1.6.2. Thermodynamic functions of molecular solids 14 1.7. Description of an ionic solid 15 1.7.1. Crosslink energy of an ionic solid 15 1.7.2. Born/Haber cycle 22 1.7.3. Vibrational partition function and internal energy of an ionic solid 23 1.8. Description of a metallic solid 26 1.8.1. Sommerfeld's electron perfect gas model 27 1.8.2. The metallic bond and band theory 37 1.9. Molar specific heat capacities of crystalline solids 46 1.9.1. Contribution of the vibrational energy to the specific heat capacity at constant volume 46 1.9.2. Specific heat capacity of an atomic solid at constant volume 50 1.9.3. Specific heat capacity of a molecularor ionic-solid at constant volume 54 1.9.4. Conclusion as to the specific heat capacity of a crystalline solid 54 1.10. Thermal expansion of solids 55 1.10.1. Expansion coefficients 55 1.10.2. Origin of thermal expansion in solids 58 1.10.3. Quantum treatment of thermal expansion. Gruneisen parameter 62 1.10.4. Expansion coefficient of metals 68
• CHAPTER 2. SOLID SOLUTIONS 71 2.1. Families of solid solutions 71 2.1.1. Substitutional solid solutions 72 2.1.2. Insertion solid solution 75 2.2. Order in solid solutions 82 2.2.1. Short-distance order 83 2.2.2. Long-distance order 87 2.3. Thermodynamic models of solid solutions 94 2.3.1. Determination of the Gibbs energy of mixing 94 2.3.2. The microscopic model of the perfect solution 100 2.3.3. Microscopic model of strictly-regular solutions 102 2.3.4. Microscopic model of the ideal dilute solution 104 2.3.5. Fowler and Guggenheim's quasi-chemical model of the solution 106 2.4. Thermodynamic study of the degree of order of an alloy 111 2.4.1. Hypotheses of the model: configuration energy 112 2.4.2. Expression of the configuration partition function 113 2.4.3. The Gorsky, Bragg and Williams model 114 2.4.4. The quasi-chemical model 120 2.4.5. Comparison of the models against experimental results 127 2.5. Determination of the activity of a component of a solid solution 132 2.5.1. Methods common to solid solutions and liquid solutions 134 2.5.2. Methods specific to solid solutions 140
• CHAPTER 3. NON-STOICHIOMETRY IN SOLIDS 147 3.1. Structure elements of a solid 147 3.1.1. Definition 148 3.1.2. Symbolic representation of structure elements 149 3.1.3. Building unit of a solid 151 3.1.4. Description and composition of a solid 151 3.2. Quasi-chemical reactions in solids 153 3.2.1. Definition and characteristics of a quasi-chemical reaction between structure elements 153 3.2.2. Homogeneous quasi-chemical reactions in the solid phase 156 3.2.3. Inter-phase reactions 158 3.3. Equilibrium states between structure elements in solids 158 3.4. Thermodynamics of structure elements in unary solids 159 3.4.1. Structure elements of a unary solid 159 3.4.2. Global equilibrium of an isolated crystal - influence of temperature 162 3.5. Thermodynamics of structure elements in stoichiometric binary solids 165 3.5.1. Symmetrical disorders in stoichiometric binary solids 166 3.5.2. Asymmetrical disorders in stoichiometric binary solids167 3.6. Thermodynamics of structure elements in non-stoichiometric binary solids 169 3.6.1. Deviations from stoichiometry and point defects 169 3.6.2. The predominant defect method - the Wagner classification 171 3.6.3. Equilibrium of a Wagner solid with one of its gaseous elements 174 3.6.4. General equilibrium of a non-stoichiometric binary solid with one of its gaseous elements 175 3.7. Representation of complex solids - example of metal oxy-hydroxides 180 3.7.1. The pseudo-binary approximation 180 3.7.2. The predominant-defect generalization 180 3.8. Determination of the equilibrium constants of the reactions involving structure elements 181 3.8.1. Recap on calculating the equilibrium constants using statistical thermodynamics 182 3.8.2. Examination of the pre-exponential term in the quasi-chemical equilibrium constants 184 3.8.3. Determination of the internal energy of transformation of quasi-chemical reactions 187
• CHAPTER 4. SOLID SOLUTIONS AND STRUCTURE ELEMENTS 195 4.1. Ionic solid solutions 195 4.1.1. Introduction of foreign elements into stoichiometric binary solids 197 4.1.2. Influence of foreign elements introduced into a non-stoichiometric binary solid 200 4.2. Thermodynamics of equilibria between water vapor and saline hydrates: non-stoichiometric hydrates 204 4.2.1. Experimental demonstration of non-stoichiometry of a hydrate 204 4.2.2. Equilibria between stoichiometric hydrates 207 4.2.3. Equilibrium reactions in non-stoichiometric hydrates 207 4.2.4. The limits of the domains of divariance 213 APPENDICES 217
• APPENDIX 1. THE LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER METHOD 219
• APPENDIX 2. SOLVING SCHRODINGER'S EQUATION 223 BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 INDEX 231.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book offers advanced students, in 7 volumes, successively characterization tools phases, the study of all types of phase, liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component, process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention is given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This book focuses on solid phases.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Sponsoring organizations and companies
• congress committees
• list of participants
• report on the congress. Opening and closing lectures: instability and turbulence in shear flows, A. Roshko
• micromechanics of fracture, G.I. Barenblatt. Introductory lectures of minisymposia. Instabilities in solid and structural mechanics: material instabilities and phase transitions in thermoelasticity, R. Abeyaratne
• propagating instabilities in structures, S. Kyriakides
• computational approaches to plastic instability in solid mechanics, Y. Tomita. Sea surface mechanics and air-sea interaction: the role of wave breaking in air-sea interaction, W.K. Melville
• extreme waves and breaking wavelets, O.M. Phillips
• effect of wind and water shear on wave instabilities, P.G. Saffman. Biomechanics: nature's structural engineering of bone on a daily basis, S.C. Cowin
• liquid layer dynamics in pulmonary airways, R.D. Kamm
• energy-saving mechanisms in animal movement, R. McN. Alexander. Sectional lectures: controlling chaotic convection, H.H. Bau
• application of structural mechanics to biological systems, C.R. Calladine
• viscous fingering as a pattern forming system, Y. Couder
• mechanics in sport, G. Grimvall
• aerodynamic sound associated with vortex motions - observation and computation, T. Kambe
• nonlinear membrane theory, A. Libai
• on the role of wave propagation and wave breaking in atmosphere-ocean dynamics, M.E. McIntyre
• computational aspects of integration along the path of loading in elastic-plastic problems, J.B. Martin
• constitutive modelling and analysis of creep, damage and creep crack growth under neutron irradiation, S. Murakami
• stability and bifurcation in dissipative media, Q.S. Nguyen
• bubble mechanics - luminescence, noise, and two-phase flow, A. Prosperetti
• wave propagation in non-isotropic structures, M.B. Sayir
• self-similar multiplier distributions and multiplicative models for energy dissipation in high-Reynolds-number turbulence, K.R. Sreenivasan, G. Stolovitzky
• cardiovascular fluid mechanics, A.A. van Steenhoven et al
• trends in transonic research, J. Zierep. Contributed papers: list of contributed papers presented at the congress.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Contained in this volume are the full texts of the invited general and sectional lectures presented at a conference concerning mechanics and its development. The entire field of mechanics is covered, including analytical, solid and fluid mechanics and their applications. A survey of work in the fields of fluid and solid mechanics is also given. The papers are written by leading experts and they provide a key to the latest and most important developments in the various sub-fields of mechanics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Outline of Boiling Phenomena and Heat Transfer Characteristics
• 3. CHF - Transition Boiling
• 4. MHF - Film Boiling
• 5. Numerical Simulation
• 6. Topics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Boiling: Research and Advances presents the latest developments and improvements in the technologies, instrumentation, and equipment surrounding boiling. Presented by the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, the book takes a holistic approach, first providing principles, and then numerous practical applications that consider size scales. Through six chapters, the book covers contributed sections from knowledgeable specialists on various topics, ranging from outlining boiling phenomena and heat transfer characteristics, to the numerical simulation of liquid-gas two phase flow. It summarizes, in a single volume, the state-of-the-art in boiling heat transfer and provides a valuable resource for thermal engineers and practitioners working in the thermal sciences and thermal engineering.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section 1. Exploring energy as a crosscutting concept
• section 2. Teaching energy across the life, physical, and earth sciences
• section 3. Supporting teachers in emphasizing energy as a crosscutting concept.

It's a simple fact: Students will learn about energy more effectively if teachers present it consistently in all grades and across all scientific disciplines. This book gives you the strategies and tools you need to help your students understand energy as a concept that cuts across all sciences. The result will be a clear lens for interpreting how energy works in many contexts, both inside and outside the classroom. Teaching Energy Across the Sciences, K-12 is accessible to teachers with varying science backgrounds. Its three main sections cover these essential topics: 1. Understanding why energy is such an important concept, what students need to know about it, and how to address the concept with the Next Generation Science Standards in mind 2. Using five central ideas about energy to teach the subject consistently across the life, physical, and Earth and space sciences, as well as in all grades 3. Providing the professional development and systemic support teachers need to adopt this book's approaches "The NGSS firmly assert that we can no longer accept teaching energy in a way that does not show students how energy ideas are connected, " editor Jeff Nordine writes. Simply and clearly, this book shows you how to make those vital connections.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Principal nomenclature
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The exact equations
• 3. Characterization of stress and flux dynamics: elements required for modelling
• 4. Approaches to closure
• 5. Modelling the scale-determining equations
• 6. Modelling in the immediate wall vicinity and at low Re_t
• 7. Simplified schemes
• 8. Wall functions
• 9. RANS modelling of unsteady flows (URANS)
• 10. Hybrid RANS-LES (HRL)^1 Alistair J. Revell
• References
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Modelling transport and mixing by turbulence in complex flows are huge challenges for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This highly readable book introduces readers to modelling levels that respect the physical complexity of turbulent flows. It examines the hierarchy of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) closures in various situations ranging from fundamental flows to three-dimensional industrial and environmental applications. The general second-moment closure is simplified to linear eddy-viscosity models, demonstrating how to assess the applicability of simpler schemes and the conditions under which they give satisfactory predictions. The principal changes for the second edition reflect the impact of computing power: a new chapter devoted to unsteady RANS and another on how large-eddy simulation, LES, and RANS strategies can be effectively combined for particular applications. This book will remain the standard for those in industry and academia seeking expert guidance on the modelling options available, and for graduate students in physics, applied mathematics and engineering entering the world of turbulent flow CFD.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Shallow-Water Approximation
• 2. Long Waves
• 3. Channel Transitions
• 4. Channel Bed Resistance
• 5. Gradually-Varied-Flow
• 6. Characteristic Analysis
• 7. Bi-Characteristics
• 8. Simple Waves, Surges and Shocks
• 9. Sudden Water Release
• 10. Parameter Estimation
• 11. Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis
• 12. Control.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Free-Surface Flow: Shallow-Water Dynamics presents a novel approach to this phenomenon. It bridges the gap between traditional books on open-channel flow and analytical fluid mechanics. Shallow-water theory is established by formal integration of the Navier-Stokes equations, and boundary resistance is developed by a rigorous construction of turbulent flow models for channel flow. In addition, the book presents a comprehensive description of shallow-water waves by mathematical analysis. These methods form the foundation for understanding flood routing, sudden water releases, dam and levee break, sluice gate dynamics and wave-current interaction.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)