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• 1. Introduction. -
• 2. History and Architecture. -
• 3. Question Answering Evaluation. -
• 4. Introduction to Neural Networks. -
• 5. Question Answering over Text. -
• 6. Question Answering over Knowledge Base. -
• 7. KBQA Enhanced with Textual Data. -
• 8. Question Answering in Real Applications. -
• 9. Future Directions of Question Answering.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides a coherent and complete overview of various Question Answering (QA) systems. It covers three main categories based on the source of the data that can be unstructured text (TextQA), structured knowledge graphs (KBQA), and the combination of both. Developing a QA system usually requires using a combination of various important techniques, including natural language processing, information retrieval and extraction, knowledge graph processing, and machine learning. After a general introduction and an overview of the book in Chapter 1, the history of QA systems and the architecture of different QA approaches are explained in Chapter 2. It starts with early close domain QA systems and reviews different generations of QA up to state-of-the-art hybrid models. Next, Chapter 3 is devoted to explaining the datasets and the metrics used for evaluating TextQA and KBQA. Chapter 4 introduces the neural and deep learning models used in QA systems. This chapter includes the required knowledge of deep learning and neural text representation models for comprehending the QA models over text and QA models over knowledge base explained in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively. In some of the KBQA models the textual data is also used as another source besides the knowledge base; these hybrid models are studied in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8, a detailed explanation of some well-known real applications of the QA systems is provided. Eventually, open issues and future work on QA are discussed in Chapter 9. This book delivers a comprehensive overview on QA over text, QA over knowledge base, and hybrid QA systems which can be used by researchers starting in this field. It will help its readers to follow the state-of-the-art research in the area by providing essential and basic knowledge.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• An overview of cooperative answering
• Cobase: a cooperative database system
• Exploiting user models to avoid misconstruals
• Modal logics for practical reasoning
• Deriving answers to safety queries
• Abductive reasoning in three-valued logic for knowledge bases
• Labelled abduction and relevance reasoning
• Hypothetical reasoning with intuitionistic logic
• A modal analysis for subjunctive queries
• Updates and subjunctive queries.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Future Data and Knowledge Base Systems will require new functionalities: richer data modelling capabilities, more powerful query languages, and new concepts of query answers. Future query languages will include functionalities such as hypothetical reasoning, abductive reasoning, modal reasoning, and metareasoning, involving knowledge and belief. Intentional answers will lead to cooperative query answering in which the answer to a query takes into consideration user's expectations. Non-classical logic plays an important role in this book for the formalization of new queries and new answers. It is shown how logic permits precise definitions for concepts like cooperative answers, subjective queries, or reliable sources of information, and gives a precise framework for reasoning about these complex concepts. It is worth noting that advances in knowledge management are not just an application domain for existing results in logic, but also require new developments in logic. The book is organized into 10 chapters which cover the areas of cooperative query answering (in the first three chapters), metareasoning and abductive reasoning (chapters 5 to 7), and, finally, hypothetical and subjunctive reasoning (last three chapters).
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contributors. Preface. Introduction.-
• Part 1: Approaches to Question Answering. Some Advanced Features of LCC's Poweranswer. A Statistical Approach for Open Domain Question Answering. Coreference in Q & A.-
• Part 2: Question Processing. Questions and Intentions. Question Answering as Dialogue with Data. Coping with Alternate Formulations of Questions and Answers.-
• Part 3: Question Answering as Information Retrieval. Sentence Ranking Using Keywords and Meta-Keywords. Question Answering by Passage Selection. Query Modulation for Web-Based Question Answering.-
• Part 4: Answer Extraction. Question Answering by Predictive Annotation. Question Answering Supported by Multiple Levels of Information Extraction. How to Select an Answer String?-
• Part 5: Evaluating Question Answering Systems. Evaluating Question Answering System Performance. Evaluating Interactive Question Answering. Habitability in Question-Answering Systems.-
• Part 6: Perspectives on Question Answering. Question Answering: Technology for Intelligence Analysis. Reverse-Engineering Question/Answer Collections from Ordinary Text. New Directions in Question Answering.- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Automated question answering - the ability of a machine to answer questions, simple or complex, posed in ordinary human language - is one of today's most exciting technological developments. It has all the markings of a disruptive technology, one that is poised to displace the existing search methods and establish new standards for user-centered access to information. This book gives a comprehensive and detailed look at the current approaches to automated question answering. The level of presentation is suitable for newcomers to the field as well as for professionals wishing to study this area and/or to build practical QA systems. The book can serve as a "how-to" handbook for IT practitioners and system developers. It can also be used to teach advanced graduate courses in Computer Science, Information Science and related disciplines. The readers will acquire in-depth practical knowledge of this critical new technology.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Third International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS'98, held in Roskilde, Denmark, in May 1998. The 32 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and went through two rounds of selection for inclusion in the proceedings. This book is the first one focused on flexible query answering systems; this emerging area of research and development builts on results from mathematical logic, fuzzy logic, various database paradigms, information retrieval, linguistics, and human computer-interaction. The papers deal with issues occuring in querying databases and the Internet.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Not All Answers are Equally Good: Estimating the Quality of Database Answers
• A. Motro, I.. Rakov. 2. Fuzzy Query Language for Hypothesis Evaluation
• D. Rasmussen, R.R. Yager. 3. Using Fuzzy Sets in Flexible Querying: Why and How? D. Dubois, H. Prade. 4. Nonstandard Database Interaction from Metalogic Programming
• T. Andreasen, H. Christansen. 5. A Fuzzy Deductive Relational Database
• O. Pons, et al. 6. Metareasoning Agents for Query-Answering Systems
• J. Barklund, et al. 7. Fuzzy Querying in a Concept Object Algebraic Datamodel
• H.L. Larsen, J.F. Nilsson. 8. Flexible Query-Answering in a Group of Databases
• L. Chalvy. 9. Fuzzy Time Indications in Natural Languages Interfaces
• R. de Caluwe, et al. 10. Fuzzy Queries against Regular and Fuzzy Databases
• P. Bosc, O. Pivert 11. Answering Queries About Validity and Completeness of Data: From Modal Logic to Relational Algebra
• R. Demolombe. 12. Constructing Aggregation Functions Using Fuzzy Modeling
• R.R. Yager. 13. Flexible Using Fuzzy Logic: An Implementation for Microsoft Access
• J. Kacprzyk, S. Zadvo. 14. Fuzzy Decision Trees and Databases
• B. Bouchon-Meunier, C. Marsala. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This is an edited collection of contributed chapters. It focuses on developing computer systems capable of transforming a query into an answer with useful information. The emphasis is on problems associated with high-level intelligent answering systems. The coverage is multidisciplinary with chapters by authors from information science, logic, fuzzy systems, databases, artificial intelligence and knowledge representation. Each contribution represents a theory involving flexibility in query-answering, and each addresses specific answering problems. Coverage includes topics such as fuzzy sets in flexible querying, non-standard database interactions and metareasoning and agents. Contributions for this volume were written by leading researchers from their respective subject areas, including Patrick Bosc, Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier, Amihai Motro, Henri Prade and Ron Yager, among others.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Database Management.- A Flexible Querying Approach Based on Outranking and Classification.- Ranking Approximate Query Rewritings Based on Views.- A Model for Contextual Cooperative Query Answering in E-Commerce Applications.- Reasoning on Incompleteness of Spatial Information for Effectively and Efficiently Answering Range Queries over Incomplete Spatial Databases.- Abstracting Query Building for Multi-entity Faceted Browsing.- On Fuzzy vs. Metric Similarity Search in Complex Databases.- Querying Context-Aware Databases.- Information Retrieval.- An Exploratory Study on Using Social Information Networks for Flexible Literature Access.- Dynamically Personalizing Search Results for Mobile Users.- On the Selection of the Best Retrieval Result Per Query -An Alternative Approach to Data Fusion-.- Sociomapping in Text Retrieval Systems.- Query Reformulation Based on Relevance Feedback.- Multi-objective Query Optimization Using Topic Ontologies.- Effectiveness of Aggregation Methods in Blog Distillation.- Structural Relevance Feedback in XML Retrieval.- Query Disambiguation Based on Novelty and Similarity User's Feedback.- Extraction of 3D Feature Descriptor Using the Distribution of Normal Vectors.- Re-ranking Documents Based on Query-Independent Document Specificity.- Browsing Recommendation Based on the Intertemporal Choice Model.- Design of an Interface for Interactive Topic Detection and Tracking.- Representing Context Information for Document Retrieval.- Searching Multiple Artifacts: A Comprehensive Framework for Complex Search Situations.- Extraction and Mining.- Expected Answer Type Identification from Unprocessed Noisy Questions.- ONTOGRABBING: Extracting Information from Texts Using Generative Ontologies.- Mining Tree-Based Frequent Patterns from XML.- Automatic Web Pages Author Extraction.- Syntactic Extraction Approach to Processing Local Document Collections.- Conceptual Indexing of Text Using Ontologies and Lexical Resources.- Information Extraction from Text Based on Semantic Inferentialism.- Flexible SPARQL Querying of Web Data Tables Driven by an Ontology.- Trajectory Clustering via Effective Partitioning.- Semantically Expanding Questions for Supervised Automatic Classification.- GRAANK: Exploiting Rank Correlations for Extracting Gradual Itemsets.- Ontologies and Semantic Web.- Controlled Aggregate Tree Shaped Questions over Ontologies.- A Semantic Similarity Measure for Ontology-Based Information.- An Extendable Meta-learning Algorithm for Ontology Mapping.- Accessing and Documenting Relational Databases through OWL Ontologies.- A Formal Framework on the Semantics of Regulatory Relations and Their Presence as Verbs in Biomedical Texts.- Ontology Graphical Editor for Multilingual Document Search System.- Finding Top-k Approximate Answers to Path Queries.- Intelligent Information Extraction from Texts.- Extraction of Conditional and Causal Sentences from Queries to Provide a Flexible Answer.- Semantic Enrichment of Database Textual Attributes.- Interlingual Information Extraction as a Solution for Multilingual QA Systems.- Semantic Paraphrasing for Information Retrieval and Extraction.- Named Entity Recognition Experiments on Turkish Texts.- Advances in Fuzzy Querying: Theory and Applications.- Fuzzy Querying in Intelligent Information Systems.- Content-Based Retrieval of Audio in News Broadcasts.- Linguistic Summary-Based Query Answering on Data Cubes with Time Dimension.- About Bipolar Division Operators.- On Reaching Consensus by a Group of Collaborating Agents.- Dealing with Positive and Negative Query Criteria in Fuzzy Database Querying.- Personalization, Preferences, Context and Recommendation.- Predicting Neighbor Goodness in Collaborative Filtering.- Content-Oriented Relevance Feedback in XML-IR Using the Garnata Information Retrieval System.- Exploiting Social Tagging Profiles to Personalize Web Search.- Incremental Personalised Summarisation with Novelty Detection.- Web as a Stream.- Stream Reasoning: A Survey and Further Research Directions.- Feed Querying as a Proxy for Querying the Web.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2009, held in Roskilde, Denmark, in October 2009. The 57 papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 90 submissions. They are structured in topical sections on database management, information retrieval, extraction and mining, ontologies and semantic web, intelligent information extraction from texts, advances in fuzzy querying, personalization, preferences, context and recommendation, and Web as a stream.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2006, held in Milan, Italy in June 2006. The 60 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on flexibility in database management and querying, vagueness and uncertainty in XML querying and retrieval, information retrieval and filtering, multimedia information access, user modeling and personalization, knowledge and data extraction, intelligent information extraction from text, and knowledge representation and reasoning.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2004, held in Lyon, France in June 2004.The 35 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 100 submissions.The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation; knowledge discovery and data mining; domain modeling, ontologies, and human interaction; computational linguistics and natural language processing; Web services, databases; information retrieval; and logic and artificial intelligence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2002, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in October 2002. The 29 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the proceedings. Among the fields covered are database management, information retrieval, domain modeling, knowledge representation and ontologies, knowledge discovery and data mining, artificial intelligence, classical and nonclassical logics, computational linguistics, natural language processing, multimedia information systems, and human-computer interaction.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Database Management.- A Flexible Querying Approach Based on Outranking and Classification.- Ranking Approximate Query Rewritings Based on Views.- A Model for Contextual Cooperative Query Answering in E-Commerce Applications.- Reasoning on Incompleteness of Spatial Information for Effectively and Efficiently Answering Range Queries over Incomplete Spatial Databases.- Abstracting Query Building for Multi-entity Faceted Browsing.- On Fuzzy vs. Metric Similarity Search in Complex Databases.- Querying Context-Aware Databases.- Information Retrieval.- An Exploratory Study on Using Social Information Networks for Flexible Literature Access.- Dynamically Personalizing Search Results for Mobile Users.- On the Selection of the Best Retrieval Result Per Query -An Alternative Approach to Data Fusion-.- Sociomapping in Text Retrieval Systems.- Query Reformulation Based on Relevance Feedback.- Multi-objective Query Optimization Using Topic Ontologies.- Effectiveness of Aggregation Methods in Blog Distillation.- Structural Relevance Feedback in XML Retrieval.- Query Disambiguation Based on Novelty and Similarity User's Feedback.- Extraction of 3D Feature Descriptor Using the Distribution of Normal Vectors.- Re-ranking Documents Based on Query-Independent Document Specificity.- Browsing Recommendation Based on the Intertemporal Choice Model.- Design of an Interface for Interactive Topic Detection and Tracking.- Representing Context Information for Document Retrieval.- Searching Multiple Artifacts: A Comprehensive Framework for Complex Search Situations.- Extraction and Mining.- Expected Answer Type Identification from Unprocessed Noisy Questions.- ONTOGRABBING: Extracting Information from Texts Using Generative Ontologies.- Mining Tree-Based Frequent Patterns from XML.- Automatic Web Pages Author Extraction.- Syntactic Extraction Approach to Processing Local Document Collections.- Conceptual Indexing of Text Using Ontologies and Lexical Resources.- Information Extraction from Text Based on Semantic Inferentialism.- Flexible SPARQL Querying of Web Data Tables Driven by an Ontology.- Trajectory Clustering via Effective Partitioning.- Semantically Expanding Questions for Supervised Automatic Classification.- GRAANK: Exploiting Rank Correlations for Extracting Gradual Itemsets.- Ontologies and Semantic Web.- Controlled Aggregate Tree Shaped Questions over Ontologies.- A Semantic Similarity Measure for Ontology-Based Information.- An Extendable Meta-learning Algorithm for Ontology Mapping.- Accessing and Documenting Relational Databases through OWL Ontologies.- A Formal Framework on the Semantics of Regulatory Relations and Their Presence as Verbs in Biomedical Texts.- Ontology Graphical Editor for Multilingual Document Search System.- Finding Top-k Approximate Answers to Path Queries.- Intelligent Information Extraction from Texts.- Extraction of Conditional and Causal Sentences from Queries to Provide a Flexible Answer.- Semantic Enrichment of Database Textual Attributes.- Interlingual Information Extraction as a Solution for Multilingual QA Systems.- Semantic Paraphrasing for Information Retrieval and Extraction.- Named Entity Recognition Experiments on Turkish Texts.- Advances in Fuzzy Querying: Theory and Applications.- Fuzzy Querying in Intelligent Information Systems.- Content-Based Retrieval of Audio in News Broadcasts.- Linguistic Summary-Based Query Answering on Data Cubes with Time Dimension.- About Bipolar Division Operators.- On Reaching Consensus by a Group of Collaborating Agents.- Dealing with Positive and Negative Query Criteria in Fuzzy Database Querying.- Personalization, Preferences, Context and Recommendation.- Predicting Neighbor Goodness in Collaborative Filtering.- Content-Oriented Relevance Feedback in XML-IR Using the Garnata Information Retrieval System.- Exploiting Social Tagging Profiles to Personalize Web Search.- Incremental Personalised Summarisation with Novelty Detection.- Web as a Stream.- Stream Reasoning: A Survey and Further Research Directions.- Feed Querying as a Proxy for Querying the Web.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2009, held in Roskilde, Denmark, in October 2009. The 57 papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 90 submissions. They are structured in topical sections on database management, information retrieval, extraction and mining, ontologies and semantic web, intelligent information extraction from texts, advances in fuzzy querying, personalization, preferences, context and recommendation, and Web as a stream.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)