The unlikely story of how Americans canonized Adam Smith as the patron saint of free markets Originally published in 1776, Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations was lauded by America's founders as a landmark work of Enlightenment thinking about national wealth, statecraft, and moral virtue. Today, Smith is one of the most influential icons of economic thought in America. Glory Liu traces how generations of Americans have read, reinterpreted, and weaponized Smith's ideas, revealing how his popular image as a champion of American-style capitalism and free markets is a historical invention. Drawing on a trove of illuminating archival materials, Liu tells the story of how an unassuming Scottish philosopher captured the American imagination and played a leading role in shaping American economic and political ideas. She shows how Smith became known as the father of political economy in the nineteenth century and was firmly associated with free trade, and how, in the aftermath of the Great Depression, the Chicago School of Economics transformed him into the preeminent theorist of self-interest and the miracle of free markets. Liu explores how a new generation of political theorists and public intellectuals has sought to recover Smith's original intentions and restore his reputation as a moral philosopher. Charting the enduring fascination that this humble philosopher from Scotland has held for American readers over more than two centuries, Adam Smith's America shows how Smith continues to be a vehicle for articulating perennial moral and political anxieties about modern capitalism.
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• Introduction Part I: The New Deal Order
• Chapter 1: Emergence and Consolidation
• Chapter 2: Fragmentation and Decline Part II: The Neoliberal Order
• Chapter 3: Beginnings
• Chapter 4: Ascent
• Chapter 5: Triumph
• Chapter 6: On Trial
• Chapter 7: Coming Apart Conclusion.
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The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left. The epochal shift toward neoliberalism-a web of related policies that, broadly speaking, reduced the footprint of government in society and reassigned economic power to private market forces-that began in the United States and Great Britain in the late 1970s fundamentally changed the world. Today, the word "neoliberal" is often used to condemn a broad swath of policies, from prizing free market principles over people to advancing privatization programs in developing nations around the world. To be sure, neoliberalism has contributed to a number of alarming trends, not least of which has been a massive growth in income inequality. Yet as the eminent historian Gary Gerstle argues in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order, these indictments fail to reckon with the full contours of what neoliberalism was and why its worldview had such persuasive hold on both the right and the left for three decades. As he shows, the neoliberal order that emerged in America in the 1970s fused ideas of deregulation with personal freedoms, open borders with cosmopolitanism, and globalization with the promise of increased prosperity for all. Along with tracing how this worldview emerged in America and grew to dominate the world, Gerstle explores the previously unrecognized extent to which its triumph was facilitated by the collapse of the Soviet Union and its communist allies. He is also the first to chart the story of the neoliberal order's fall, originating in the failed reconstruction of Iraq and Great Recession of the Bush years and culminating in the rise of Trump and a reinvigorated Bernie Sanders-led American left in the 2010s. An indispensable and sweeping re-interpretation of the last fifty years, this book illuminates how the ideology of neoliberalism became so infused in the daily life of an era, while probing what remains of that ideology and its political programs as America enters an uncertain future.
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• Introduction
• Book one: The age of commerce, 1660-1860. Preface: Commerce ; Mercantilism ; Organic economy, household economy ; Republican political economy ; Capitalism and the democracy ; Confidence games ; Between slavery and freedom
• Book two: The age of capital, 1860-1932. Preface: Capital ; Civil War and the reconstruction of capital ; Industrialization ; Class war and home life ; The populist revolt ; Fordism ; The Great Depression
• Book three: The age of control, 1932-1980. Preface: Control ; New Deal capitalism ; New world hegemon ; Postwar hinge ; Consumerism ; Ordeal of a golden age ; Crisis of industrial capital
• Book four: The age of chaos, 1980- . Preface: Chaos ; Magic of the market ; The new economy ; The great moderation ; The Great Recession
• Afterword

"A leading economic historian traces the evolution of American capitalism from the colonial era to the present--and argues that the country has reached yet another turning point that will define the era ahead."-- Publisher's description

"In the spring of 1934, Virginia Woolf sketched an affectionate three-page "biographical fantasy" of her great friend, John Maynard Keynes, attempting to encompass no less than 25 themes, which she jotted down at its opening: "Politics. Art. Dancing. Letters. Economics. Youth. The Future. Glands. Genealogies. Atlantis. Mortality. Religion. Cambridge. Eton. The Drama. Society. Truth. Pigs. Sussex. The History of England. America. Optimism. Stammer. Old Books. Hume." In truth, his life contained even more. Years earlier, as a young Cambridge philosopher and economist, Keynes spent his days moving between government service and academia, and when he was called up to the Treasury on the eve of World War I, he relished an opportunity to save the empire. He worked dutifully, but as the aftermath of the war and the disastrous Versailles Treaty unfolded, with its harsh demands for German reparations, Keynes saw how the strain on its citizens might encourage would-be authoritarians. The experience began a career that spanned two world wars and a global depression and which often found him in a Cassandra-like position, arguing against widely accepted ideas that he saw as outdated or dangerous. His influential ideas made it to America and FDR's New Deal in the Great Depression, and through his books, especially The General Theory, he became a founding giant in the economics profession. Even as his star rose, however, the most important allegiance of Keynes's life was to writers and artists. He valued his membership in the iconic Bloomsbury Group above any position, and he forever envied the talents of his friends like Virginia Woolf and Lytton Strachey, often providing them with much needed financial support as the most gainfully employed member of the group. In return, they gave him a moral compass and inspired his vision of what society should be"-- Provided by publisher

A group history of the Austrian School of Economics, from the coffeehouses of imperial Vienna to the modern-day Tea Party The Austrian School of Economics-a movement that has had a vast impact on economics, politics, and society, especially among the American right-is poorly understood by supporters and detractors alike. Defining themselves in opposition to the mainstream, economists such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and Joseph Schumpeter built the School's international reputation with their work on business cycles and monetary theory. Their focus on individualism-and deep antipathy toward socialism-ultimately won them a devoted audience among the upper echelons of business and government. In this collective biography, Janek Wasserman brings these figures to life, showing that in order to make sense of the Austrians and their continued influence, one must understand the backdrop against which their philosophy was formed-notably, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and a half-century of war and exile.
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• Income and output
• Growth : illusions and realities
• The metamorphoses of capital
• From old Europe to the new world
• The capital/income ratio over the long run
• The capital-labor split in the twenty-first century
• Inequality and concentration : preliminary bearings
• Two worlds
• Inequality of labor income
• Inequality of capital ownership
• Merit and inheritance in the long run
• Global inequality of wealth in the twenty-first century
• A social state for the twenty-first century
• Rethinking the progressive income tax
• A global tax on capital
• The question of the public debt.

The main driver of inequality--returns on capital that exceed the rate of economic growth--is again threatening to generate extreme discontent and undermine democratic values. Thomas Piketty's findings in this ambitious, original, rigorous work will transform debate and set the agenda for the next generation of thought about wealth and inequality.
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• On the experience of moral confusion
• The myth of barter
• Primordial debts
• Cruelty and redemption
• A brief treatise on the moral grounds of economic relations
• Games with sex and death
• Honor and degradation, or, on the foundations of contemporary civilization
• Credit versus bullion, and the cycles of history
• The axial age (800 BC
• 600 AD)
• The middle ages (600 AD
• 1450 AD)
• Age of the great capitalist empires (1450-1971)
• The beginning of something yet to be determined (1971-present).

• Why you should care
• The origin and nature of the Fed
• My intellectual influences
• Central banks and war
• The gold commission
• Conversations with Greenspan
• Conversations with Bernanke
• Congress's interest in monetary policy
• The current mess
• Why end the Fed?
• The philosophical case
• The constitutional case
• The economic case
• The libertarian case
• The way out.

During the 2008 presidential campaign over 4,000 students gathered at the University of Michigan to hear Republican Party candidate Ron Paul speak. As he began to address the topics of monetary policy and the coming depression, a chant came from the crowd, 'End the Fed! End the Fed!' As dollar bills were set on fire, it became clearer than ever that the real problem, one that nobody in the media was talking about, was the central bank - an unconstitutional entity and a political, economic, and moral disaster. Most people think of the Federal Reserve as an institution that has always been there (it hasn't) and isn't going anywhere. But in END THE FED, Ron Paul draws on American history, economics and fascinating stories from his own long political life to argue that the Federal Reserve is both corrupt and unconstitutional. It is inflating currency today at nearly a Weimar or Zimbabwe level, a practice that threatens to put us into an inflationary depression where $100 bills are worthless. What most people don't realise is that the Fed - created by the Morgans and Rockefellers at a private club off the coast of Georgia - is actually working against their own personal interests. Ron Paul's urgent appeal to all citizens and officials tells us where we went wrong and what we need to do fix America's economic policy for future generations.
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• I. THE EDUCATION OF AYN RAND, 1905-1943
• 1. From Russia to Roosevelt
• 2. Individualists of the World, Unite!
• 3. A New Credo of Freedom
• II. FROM NOVELIST TO PHILOSOPHER, 1944-1957
• 4. . The Real Root of Evil
• 5. . A Round Universe
• III. JOHN GALT SPEAKING, 1957-1968
• 6. . Big Sister is Watching You
• 7. . Radicals for Capitalism
• 8. . Love is Exception Making
• IV. CODA: 1968 AND EVERYTHING AFTER
• 9. . It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand
• 10. The Ayn Rand School for Tots.
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Worshipped by her fans, denounced by her enemies, and forever shadowed by controversy and scandal, the novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand was a powerful thinker whose views on government and markets shaped the conservative movement from its earliest days. Drawing on unprecedented access to Rand's private papers and the original, unedited versions of Rand's journals, Jennifer Burns offers a groundbreaking reassessment of this key cultural figure, examining her life, her ideas, and her impact on conservative political thought. Goddess of the Market follows Rand from her childhood in Russia through her meteoric rise from struggling Hollywood screenwriter to bestselling novelist, including the writing of her wildly successful The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. Burns highlights the two facets of Rand's work that make her a perennial draw for those on the right: her promotion of capitalism, and her defense of limited government. Both sprang from her early, bitter experience of life under Communism, and became among the most deeply enduring of her messages, attracting a diverse audience of college students and intellectuals, business people and Republican Party activists, libertarians and conservatives. The book also traces the development of Rand's Objectivist philosophy and her relationship with Nathaniel Branden, her closest intellectual partner, with whom she had an explosive falling out in 1968. This extraordinary book captures the life of the woman who was a tireless champion of capitalism and the freedom of the individual, and whose ideas are still devoured by eager students, debated on blogs, cited by political candidates, and promoted by corporate tycoons.
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This is the definitive single-volume biography. Robert Skidelsky's three-volume biography of John Maynard Keynes has been acclaimed as the authoritative account of the great economist-statesman's life. Here, Skidelsky has revised and abridged his magnum opus into one definitive book, which examines in its entirety the intellectual and ideological journey that led an extraordinarily gifted young man to concern himself with the practical problems of an age overshadowed by war. John Maynard Keynes offers a sympathetic account of the life of a passionate visionary and an invaluable insight into the economic philosophy that still remains at the centre of political and economic thought. Robert Skidelsky is Emeritus Professor of Political Economy at the University of Warwick. His three volume biography of John Maynard Keynes (1983, 1992, 2000) received numerous prizes, including the Lionel Gelber Prize for International Relations and the Council on Foreign Relations Prize for International Relations. ("This three-volume life of the British economist should be given a Nobel Prize for History if there was such a thing". (Norman Stone)). He was made a life peer in 1991, and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1994. "A masterpiece of biographical and historical analysis". (New York Times).
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• * Foreword: 1978 * Introduction/The Disjunction of Realms: A Statement of Themes The Double Bind Of Modernity * The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism * The Disjunctions of Cultural Discourse * The Sensibility of the Sixties * Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a Post-Industrial Age The Dilemmas Of The Polity * An Introductory Note: From the Culture to the Polity * Unstable America: Transitory and Permanent Factors in a National Crisis * The Public Household: On Fiscal Sociology and the Liberal Society * Afterword: 1996.
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First published in 1905 this is one of the most renowned and controversial works of modern social science.
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In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism--the organization of economic activity through private enterprise operating in a free market--as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom. Beginning with a discussion of principles of a liberal society, Friedman applies them to such constantly pressing problems as monetary policy, discrimination, education, income distribution, welfare, and poverty. "Milton Friedman is one of the nation's outstanding economists, distinguished for remarkable analytical powers and technical virtuosity. He is unfailingly enlightening, independent, courageous, penetrating, and above all, stimulating."-Henry Hazlitt, Newsweek "It is a rare professor who greatly alters the thinking of his professional colleagues. It's an even rarer one who helps transform the world. Friedman has done both."-Stephen Chapman, Chicago Tribune.
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Compiles the significant writings of Marx and Engels in an attempt to trace the origins and meaning of classical Marxism.
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This edition of the leading anthology provides the essential writings of Marx and Engels -- those works necessary for an introduction to Marxist thought and ideology. The volume is arranged to show both the chronological and the thematic development of the two great thinkers. Selections range in coverage from history, society, and economics, to politics, philosophy, and the strategy and tactics of social revolution.
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