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• Frontmatter
• Remerciements
• Sommaire
• Préface
• 1. Qu'est-ce au juste que l'intelligence artificielle?
• 2. Avec l'intelligence artificielle générale pour Graal
• 3. Langage, créativité et émotions
• 4. Les réseaux de neurones artificiels
• 5. Les robots et la vie artificielle (A-life)
• 6. Mais, est-ce réellement de l'intelligence?
• 7. La Singularité
• Références
• Lectures complémentaires
• Index

L'intelligence artificielle, qui consiste à faire faire aux ordinateurs ce que peut faire l'esprit humain et ses applications touchent tous les aspects de notre vie et se trouvent tout autour de nous. Ce petit livre nous rappelle que les résultats de l'intelligence artificielle ont été inestimables pour les biologistes, les psychologues et les linguistes en les aidant à comprendre les processus de la mémoire, de l'apprentissage et du langage sous un angle nouveau. L'intelligence artificielle a aussi alimenté et aiguisé les débats philosophiques concernant la nature de l'esprit, l'intelligence et le caractère unique des êtres humains. Ainsi, Margaret Boden, leader dans le domaine de la recherche en intelligence artificielle, passe en revue ici tous les défis philosophiques et technologiques soulevés par l'intelligence artificielle, et tente de répondre à la question si complexe : les programmes pourront-ils être un jour réellement intelligents, créatifs, ou même conscients ?

• A taxonomy of computer art
• Explaining the ineffable
• Art appreciation and creative skills
• Can evolutionary art provide radical novelty?
• Collingwood, emotion, and computer art
• The gothic and computer art
• Computer art and the art world
• Formal ways of making art: code as an answer to a dream
• Programming as art
• Diversities of interaction
• Correspondences: uniting image and sound
• Diversities of engagement
• Conversations with computer artists.

Essays on computer art and its relation to more traditional art, by a pioneering practitioner and a philosopher of artificial intelligence. In From Fingers to Digits, a practicing artist and a philosopher examine computer art and how it has been both accepted and rejected by the mainstream art world. In a series of essays, Margaret Boden, a philosopher and expert in artificial intelligence, and Ernest Edmonds, a pioneering and internationally recognized computer artist, grapple with key questions about the aesthetics of computer art. Other modern technologies-photography and film-have been accepted by critics as ways of doing art. Does the use of computers compromise computer art's aesthetic credentials in ways that the use of cameras does not? Is writing a computer program equivalent to painting with a brush? Essays by Boden identify types of computer art, describe the study of creativity in AI, and explore links between computer art and traditional views in philosophical aesthetics. Essays by Edmonds offer a practitioner's perspective, considering, among other things, how the experience of creating computer art compares to that of traditional art making. Finally, the book presents interviews in which contemporary computer artists offer a wide range of comments on the issues raised in Boden's and Edmonds's essays.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The applications of Artificial Intelligence lie all around us; in our homes, schools and offices, in our cinemas, in art galleries and - not least - on the Internet. The results of Artificial Intelligence have been invaluable to biologists, psychologists, and linguists in helping to understand the processes of memory, learning, and language from a fresh angle. As a concept, Artificial Intelligence has fuelled and sharpened the philosophical debates concerning the nature of the mind, intelligence, and the uniqueness of human beings. In this Very Short Introduction , Margaret A. Boden reviews the philosophical and technological challenges raised by Artificial Intelligence, considering whether programs could ever be really intelligent, creative or even conscious, and shows how the pursuit of Artificial Intelligence has helped us to appreciate how human and animal minds are possible. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Creativity in a Nutshell
• 3. Are Autodidacts Creative?
• 4. Crafts, Perception, and the Possibilities of the Body
• 5. Creativity and Conceptual Art
• 6. Personal Signatures in Art
• 7. What is Generative Art?
• 8. Agents and Creativity
• 9. Autonomy, Integrity, and Computer Art
• 10. Authenticity and Computer Art
• 11. Aesthetics and Interactive Art
• 12. Is Metabolism Necessary?
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Margaret Boden presents a series of essays in which she explores the nature of creativity in a wide range of art forms. Creativity in general is the generation of novel, surprising, and valuable ideas (conceptual, theoretical, musical, literary, or visual). Boden identifies three forms of creativity: combinational, exploratory, and transformational. These elicit differing forms of surprise, and are defined by the different kinds of psychological process that generate the new ideas. Boden examines creativity not only in traditional fine art, but also in craftworks, and some less orthodox approaches-namely, conceptual art and several types of computer art. Her Introduction draws out the conceptual links between the various case-studies, showing how they express a coherent view of creativity in art.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Creativity in a Nutshell
• 3. Are Autodidacts Creative?
• 4. Crafts, Perception, and the Possibilities of the Body
• 5. Creativity and Conceptual Art
• 6. Personal Signatures in Art
• 7. What is Generative Art?
• 8. Agents and Creativity
• 9. Autonomy, Integrity, and Computer Art
• 10. Authenticity and Computer Art
• 11. Aesthetics and Interactive Art
• 12. Is Metabolism Necessary?
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Margaret Boden presents a series of essays in which she explores the nature of creativity in a wide range of art forms. Creativity in general is the generation of novel, surprising, and valuable ideas (conceptual, theoretical, musical, literary, or visual). Boden identifies three forms of creativity: combinational, exploratory, and transformational. These elicit differing forms of surprise, and are defined by the different kinds of psychological process that generate the new ideas. Boden examines creativity not only in traditional fine art, but also in craftworks, and some less orthodox approaches-namely, conceptual art and several types of computer art. Her Introduction draws out the conceptual links between the various case-studies, showing how they express a coherent view of creativity in art.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Setting the scene
• 2. Man as machine: origins of the idea
• 3. Anticipatory engines
• 4. Maybe minds are machines too
• 5. Movements beneath the mantle
• 6. Cognitive science comes together
• 7. The rise of computational psychology
• 8. The mystery of the missing discipline
• 9. Transforming linguistics
• 10. When GOFAI was NEWFAI
• 11. Of bombs and bombshells
• 12. Connectionism, its birth and renaissance
• 13. Swimming alongside the kraken
• 14. From neurophysiology to computational neuroscience
• 15. A-life in embryo
• 16. Philosophies of mind as machine
• 17. What next?
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Cognitive science is among the most fascinating intellectual achievements of the modern era. The quest to understand the mind is an ancient one. But modern science has offered new insights and techniques that have revolutionized this enquiry. Oxford University Press now presents a masterly history of the field, told by one of its most eminent practitioners. Psychology is the thematic heart of cognitive science, which aims to understand human (and animal) minds. But its core theoretical ideas are drawn from cybernetics and artificial intelligence, and many cognitive scientists try to build functioning models of how the mind works. In that sense, Margaret Boden suggests, its key insight is that mind is a (very special) machine. Because the mind has many different aspects, the field is highly interdisciplinary. It integrates psychology not only with cybernetics/AI, but also with neuroscience and clinical neurology; with the philosophy of mind, language, and logic; with linguistic work on grammar, semantics, and communication; with anthropological studies of cultures; and with biological (and A-Life) research on animal behaviour, evolution, and life itself. Each of these disciplines, in its own way, asks what the mind is, what it does, how it works, how it develops---and how it is even possible. Boden traces the key questions back to Descartes's revolutionary writings, and to the ideas of his followers--and his radical critics--through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Her story shows how controversies in the development of experimental physiology, neurophysiology, psychology, evolutionary biology, embryology, and logic are still relevant today. Then she guides the reader through the complex interlinked paths along which the study of mind developed in the twentieth century. Cognitive science covers all mental phenomena: not just 'cognition' (knowledge), but also emotion, personality, psychopathology, social communication, religion, motor action, and consciousness. In each area, Boden introduces the key ideas and researchers and discusses those philosophical critics who see cognitive science as fundamentally misguided. And she sketches the waves of resistance and acceptance on the part of the media and general public, showing how these have affected the development of the field. No one else could tell this story as Boden can: she has been a member of the cognitive science community since the late-1950s, and has known many of its key figures personally. Her narrative is written in a lively, swift-moving style, enriched by the personal touch of someone who knows the story at first hand. Her history looks forward as well as back: besides asking how state-of-the-art research compares with the hopes of the early pioneers, she identifies the most promising current work. Mind as Machine will be a rich resource for anyone working on the mind, in any academic discipline, who wants to know how our understanding of mental capacities has advanced over the years.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• In a Nutshell
• 1. The Mystery of Creativity
• 2. The Story So Far
• 3. Thinking the Impossible
• 4. Maps of the Mind
• 5. Concepts of Communication
• 6. Creative Connections
• 7. Unromantic Artists
• 8. Computer-Scientists
• 9. Chance, Chaos, Randomness, Unpredictability
• 10. Elite or Everyman?
• 11. Of Humans and Hoverflies
• 12. Epilogue.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

How is it possible to think new thoughts? What is creativity and can science explain it? And just how did Coleridge dream up the creatures of The Ancient Mariner? When The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms was first published, Margaret A. Boden's bold and provocative exploration of creativity broke new ground. Boden uses examples such as jazz improvisation, chess, story writing, physics, and the music of Mozart together with computing models from the field of artificial intelligence to uncover the nature of human creativity in the arts, science and everyday life. The second edition of The Creative Mind has been updated to include recent developments in artificial intelligence, with a new preface, introduction and conclusion by the author. It is an essential work for anyone interested in the creativity of the human mind.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Patterns, polyhedra, imagery
• 3. Connectionist models of vision
• 4. Parsing natural language
• 5. Meaning and messages
• 6. Reasoning and rationality
• 7. Learning and development
• 8. Is computational psychology possible? 9. Conclusion
• References
• Index of names
• Index of subjects.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

What is the mind? How does it work? How does it influence behavior? Some psychologists hope to answer such questions in terms of concepts drawn from computer science and artificial intelligence. They test their theories by modeling mental processes in computers. This book shows how computer models are used to study many psychological phenomena - including vision, language, reasoning, and learning. It also shows that computer modeling involves differing theoretical approaches. Computational psychologists disagree about some basic questions. For instance, should the mind be modeled by digital computers, or by parallel-processing systems more like brains? Do computer programs consist of meaningless patterns, or do they embody (and explain) genuine meaning?
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Philosophical foundations / Andy Clark
• Planning and problem solving / Robert Inder
• Representation of knowledge / Derek Partridge
• Machine learning / Stuart Russell
• Connectionism and neural networks / Harry Barrow
• Expert systems and theories of knowledge / John Fox
• Machine vision / David C. Hogg
• Natural language processing / Mark Steedman
• Creativity / Margaret A. Boden
• Human-computer interaction / Mike Sharples
• Artificial life and the animat approach to artificial intelligence / Jean-Arcady Meyer.

• Introduction, Margaret A. Boden
• Making Up Discovery, Simon Schaffer
• Where Do New Ideas Come From? Or, How Psychological Measurement Creates Psychological Theory, Gerd Gigerenzer
• What Is Creativity?, Margaret A. Boden
• Creativity - Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm, David N. Perkins
• The Creators' Patterns, Howard Gardner
• How Can We Measure a Society's Creativity?, Colin Martindale
• The Measurement of Creativity, Hans J. Eysenck.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Dimensions of Creativity brings together original articles that draw on a range of discipline-from the history and sociology of science, psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence-to ask how creative ideas arise, and whether creativity can be objectively defined and measured. Dimensions of Creativity brings together original articles that draw on a range of disciplines-from the history and sociology of science, psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence-to ask how creative ideas arise, and whether creativity can be objectively defined and measured. Margaret Boden and her colleagues Simon Schaffer, Gerd Gigerenzer, David N. Perkins, Howard Gardner, Colin Martindale, and Hans J. Eysenck demonstrate that creativity requires not only challenging new ideas but their acceptance by some relevant social group. Although some new ideas can arise as novel associations, others are generated by exploiting structural features of an existing conceptual space. Strong motivations often drive the creators and those who evaluate and perpetuate their work. The seven essays-although very different-are complementary. The book can serve as an up-to-date introduction to the study of creativity in various disciplines. The many references provide a way into the relevant literature. A Bradford Book.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Dimensions of Creativity brings together original articles that draw on a range of disciplines -- from the history and sociology of science, psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence -- to ask how creative ideas arise, and whether creativity can be objectively defined and measured. Margaret Boden and her colleagues Simon Schaffer, Gerd Gigerenzer, David N. Perkins, Howard Gardner, Colin Martindale, and Hans J. Eysenck demonstrate that creativity requires not only challenging new ideas but their acceptance by some relevant social group. Although some new ideas can arise as novel associations, others are generated by exploiting structural features of an existing conceptual space. Strong motivations often drive the creators and those who evaluate and perpetuate their work. The seven essays -- although very different -- are complementary. The book can serve as an up-to-date introduction to the study of creativity in various disciplines. The many references provide a way into the relevant literature. Contents: Introduction, Margaret A. BodenMaking Up Discovery, Simon SchafferWhere Do New Ideas Come From? Or, How Psychological Measurement Creates Psychological Theory, Gerd GigerenzerWhat Is Creativity? Margaret A. BodenCreativity: Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm, David N. PerkinsThe Creators' Patterns, Howard GardnerHow Can We Measure a Society's Creativity? Colin MartindaleThe Measurement of Creativity, Hans J. Eysenck "A Bradford Book".
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The aim of this series is to bring together important recent writings in major areas of philosophical inquiry, selected from a variety of sources, mostly periodicals, which may not be conveniently available to the university student or the general reader. The editor of each volume contributes an introductory essay on the items chosen and on the questions with which they deal. A selective bibliography is appended as a guide to further reading. This volume offers a selection of the most important philosophical work in the new and fast-growing interdisciplinary area of artificial life; it will set the agenda for future study and research. Artificial life (A-Life) research aims to synthesize the characteristics of life by artificial means, particularly employing computer technology. The essays chosen explore such fascinating themes as the nature of life, the relation between life and mind, and the limits of technology. The first two papers, one of which is the classic A-Life manifesto by Christopher Langton, provide a general overview of the subject and compare it with artificial intelligence (AI); in Part II, the contributors describe examples of A-Life research. Part III discusses various explanatory strategies in A-Life, and relates them to approaches in AI and cognitive science, while Part IV focuses on the concept of life in general. Finally, Part V explores A-Life's relation to functionalism and the feasibility of `strong' A-Life. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students of cognitive science, artificial intelligence, philosophy of biology, and computing studies; researchers in these fields; readers from other areas of philosophy and the sciences interested in questions about the nature of life.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction, Margaret A. Boden
• Making Up Discovery, Simon Schaffer
• Where Do New Ideas Come From? Or, How Psychological Measurement Creates Psychological Theory, Gerd Gigerenzer
• What Is Creativity?, Margaret A. Boden
• Creativity - Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm, David N. Perkins
• The Creators' Patterns, Howard Gardner
• How Can We Measure a Society's Creativity?, Colin Martindale
• The Measurement of Creativity, Hans J. Eysenck.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

These articles draw on a range of disciplines - from the history and sociology of science, psychology, philosophy and artificial intelligence - to ask how creative ideas arise, and whether creativity can be objectively defined and measured. Margaret Boden and her colleagues Simon Schaffer, Gerd Gigerenzer, David N. Perkins, Howard Gardner, Colin Martindale and Hans J. Eysenck demonstrate that creativity requires not only challenging new ideas but their acceptance by some relevant social group. Although some new ideas can arise as novel associations, others are generated by exploiting structural features of an existing conceptual space. Strong motivations often drive the creators and those who evaluate and perpetuate their work. The seven essays, although different, are complementary. The book can serve as an up-to-date introduction to the study of creativity in various disciplines. The many references provide a way into the relevant literature.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity, Warren S.McCulloch and Walter H.Pitts
• computing machinery and intelligence, Alan M.Turing
• minds, brains and programs, John R.Searle
• escaping from the Chinese room, Margaret A.Boden
• computer science as empirical enquiry - symbols and search, Allen Newell and Herbert A.Simon
• artificial intelligence - a personal view, David C.Marr
• cognitive wheels - the frame problem of AI, Daniel C. Dennett
• the naive physics manifesto, Patrick J.Hayes
• a critique of pure reason, Drew McDermott
• motives, mechanisms and emotions, Aaron Sloman
• distributed representations, Geoffrey E.Hinton et al
• connectionism, competence and explanation, Andy Clark
• making a mind versus modelling the brain - artificial intelligence back at a branch-point, Hubert L.Dreyfus and Stuart E.Dreyfus
• some reductive strategies in cognitive neurobiology, Paul M.Churchland.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Warren S. McCulloch and Walter H. Pitts: A Logical Calculus of Nervous Activity
• Alan M. Turing: Computing Machinery and Intelligence
• John R. Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs
• Margaret A. Boden: Escaping from the Chinese Room
• Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon: Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and Search
• David C. Marr: Artificial Intelligence: A Personal View
• Daniel C. Dennett: Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Problem of AI
• Patrick J. Hayes: The Naive Physics Manifesto
• Drew McDermott: A Critique of Pure Reason
• Aaron Sloman: Motives, Mechanisms, and Emotions
• Geoffrey E. Hinton, James L. McClelland, and David E. Rumelhart: Distributed Representations
• Andy Clark: Connectionism, Competence, and Explanation
• Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stewart E. Dreyfus: Making a Mind Versus Modelling the Brain
• Paul M. Churchland: Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology
• Adrian Cussins: The Connectionist Construction of Concepts.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This collection of essays looks into the philosophical arguments behind artificial intelligence and whether one can equate such concepts as intelligence, understanding and thinking to computers. Classic arguments, such as the Chinese room are discussed as well as modern arguments, such as if one should differentiate between the connectionist computers and the digital computers. There is an introduction written by the editor, who is a leading name in artificial intelligence and upholds the view that, given time, computers will be able to match humans in intelligence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Is 'artificial intelligence' a contradiction in terms? Could computers (in principle) model every aspect of the mind, including logic, language, and emotion? What of the more brain-like, connectionist computers: could they really understand, even if digital computers cannot? This collection of classic and contemporary readings (which includes an editor's introduction and an up-to-date reading list) provides a clearly signposted pathway into hotly disputed philosophical issues at the heart of artificial intelligence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• A. Clark, Philosophical Foundations. R. Inder, Planning and Problem Solving. D. Partridge, Representation of Knowledge. S. Russell, Machine Learning. H. Barrow, Connectionism and Neural Networks. J. Fox, Expert Systems and Theories of Knowledge. D.C. Hogg, Machine Vision. M. Steedman, Natural Language Processing. M.A. Boden, Creativity. M. Sharples, Human-Computer Interaction. J.-A. Meyer, Artificial Life and the Animate Approach to Artificial Intelligence. Chapter References. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to build or program computers to enable them to do what minds can do. This volume discusses the ways in which computational ideas and computer modeling can aid our understanding of human and animal minds. Major theoretical approaches are outlined, as well as some promising recent developments. Fundamental philosophical questions are discussed along with topics such as: the differences between symbolic and connectionist AI, planning and problem solving, knowledge representation, learning, expert systems, vision, natural language, creativity, and human-computer interaction. This volume is suitable for any psychologist, philosopher, or computer scientist wanting to know the current state of the art in this area of cognitive science.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)