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• Frontmatter
• Theory. Pioneering History
• Seismic Wave Equation
• Forward Problem of Tomography
• Inverse Problem
• Subsurface Parameterization
• Seismic Travel Time Tomography
• Seismic Full Waveform Tomography
• Applications. Tomography of Synthetic Seismic Data
• Travel Time Tomography of Seismic Data
• Full Waveform Tomography of Seismic Data
• Advanced Seismic Processing Using Tomographic Results
• Future Scope
• References
• Index

"The seismic method is one of the most promising geophysical methods that can help to explore the earth's interior. Numerous technology developments have been introduced in seismic methods over the decades for either to understand or to use the full recorded seismic data from the field. Seismic tomography is one of the seismic imaging techniques to delineate the subsurface linked with structures and numerical values of different physical parameters such as the seismic velocity, density, etc."-- Provided by publisher.

• Intro
• Preface
• Contents
• About the Editors
• 1 Introduction
• 1 Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry and Planetary Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, and Radiochemistry at the Vernadsky Institute RAS
• 2 Departments and Laboratories of the Vernadsky Institute
• Sec2
• Geochemistry
• 2 The PGE-Cu-Ni Norilsk Deposits and Siberian Traps: Genetic Relationships
• 1 Introduction. The Problems of Magmatic Ore Origin
• 1.1 Magmatic Deposits
• 1.2 Norilsk Deposits
• 2 Brief Geology of the Siberian Traps Province and Related Deposits
• 3 Materials and Methods
• 4 Results

• 4.1 Flank Zones of the Norilsk Deposits, the Talnakh Ore Junction
• 4.2 Composition of Ore-Bearing Magmas
• 4.3 Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks Within the Siberian Traps Province
• 5 Discussion
• 5.1 Testing of the Existing Models of the Norilsk Deposits
• 5.2 A new Approach to the Deposits' Origin
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 3 Intrusive COMAGMAT: From Simple Magma Differentiation Models to Complex Algorithms Simulating the Structure of Layered Intrusions
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Most Important Results of 1976-1979
• 2.1 The Sedimentation Model

• 2.2 The Convection-Accumulation Model
• 3 COMAGMAT-3 and Modeling the Structure of Layered Intrusions (1985-2019)
• 3.1 Approach to Model the CAM Dynamics of the Intra-Chamber Process
• 3.2 Modeling the Structure of Siberian Sills
• 3.3 Modeling the Structure of the Kivakka Intrusion
• 4 Discussion
• 4.1 The Significance of the Convection-Accumulation Model
• 4.2 Introducing the First COMAGMAT-BLF Model
• 5 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 4 Forms of Existence of PGE and Gold in Natural Systems and Their Geochemical Behavior
• 1 Introduction

• 2 Natural Abundances of PGE and Gold
• 3 Processes Underlying the Migration Behavior of PGE in Liquid Media
• 4 PGE Speciation in Natural Aqueous Solutions
• 5 Interaction of PGE Species with Mineral Phases and Natural Slurries. Examples of the Behavior of Dissolved PGE in Natural Systems
• 6 PGE and Gold Transfer by Carbon-Containing Media
• 7 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 5 Study of Elemental Composition and Properties of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust Nanoparticles
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Problems of Isolation and Quantitative Analysis of Environmental Nanoparticles

• 3 Pre-concentration of Trace Elements by Nanoparticles of Urban Dust and Volcanic Ash
• 4 Study of Element Species in Volcanic Ash Nanoparticles
• 5 Nanoparticles of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust as a Carrier of Toxic Elements in Aquatic Environments
• 6 Conclusion
• References
• 6 Layered Titanosilicates Melting: Experimental Study at 1 Atmosphere and Application for Agpaitic Rocks Petrology
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Studied Minerals in the Nomenclature of Titanosilicates
• 2 Experimental Methods and the Starting Materials
• 3 Experimental Results
• 3.1 Lamprophyllite Group Minerals Melting

This book presents 41 selected articles written by leading researchers from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The articles are grouped by the following topics: (1) Geochemistry, (2) Meteoritics, Cosmochemistry, Lunar and Planetary Sciences, (3) Biogeochemistry and Ecology, and (4) Analytical Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Radioecology. The articles present recent experimental data, theoretical investigations, critical reviews, the results of computer modeling in the above-mentioned fields. Intended to provide a scientific snapshot of the institute, the book also includes content on its history, main scientific achievements and current goals, together with detailed descriptions of its 25 laboratories and three museums so as to promote new international collaborations. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all scientists and graduate students working in the areas of geochemistry, analytical chemistry and radiochemistry, earth and environmental sciences, biogeosciences, meteoritics and planetary science, and to those seeking new collaboration opportunities in these areas in Russia.

"When people today hear "paleontology," they immediately think of dinosaurs. But for much of the history of the discipline, dramatic demonstrations of the history of life focused on the developmental history of mammals. The Age of Mammals examines how nineteenth-century scholars, writers, artists, and public audiences understood the animals they regarded as being at the summit of life. For them, mammals were crucial for understanding the formation (and possibly the future) of the natural world. Yet, as Chris Manias reveals, this combined with more troubling notions: that seemingly promising creatures had been swept aside in the "struggle for life," or that modern biodiversity was impoverished compared to previous eras. Why some prehistoric creatures, such as the saber-toothed cat and ground sloth, had become extinct, while others seemed to have been the ancestors of familiar animals like elephants and horses, was a question loaded with cultural assumptions, ambiguity, and trepidation. How humans related to deep developmental processes, and whether "the Age of Man" was qualitatively different from the Age of Mammals, led to reflections on humanity's place within the natural world. With this book, Manias considers the cultural resonance of mammal paleontology from an international perspective--how reconstructions of the deep past of fossil mammals across the world conditioned new understandings of nature and the current environment." -- Provided by publisher.

• The confluence of organo-cations, inorganic species, and molecular modeling on the discovery of new zeolite structures and compositions / Christopher M. Lew, Dan Xie, Joel E. Schmidt, Saleh Elomari, Tracy M. Davis, and Stacey I. Zones
• Efficient data utilization in training machine learning models for nanoporous materials screening / Jiham Kim.

AI-Guided Design and Property Prediction for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials A cohesive and insightful compilation of resources explaining the latest discoveries and methods in the field of nanoporous materials In Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust compilation of the latest knowledge and most recent developments in computational chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and artificial intelligence as it applies to zeolites, porous molecular materials, covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks. The book presents a common language that unifies these fields of research and advances the discovery of new nanoporous materials. The editors have included resources that describe strategies to synthesize new nanoporous materials, construct databases of materials, structure directing agents, and synthesis conditions, and explain computational methods to generate new materials. They also offer material that discusses AI and machine learning algorithms, as well as other, similar approaches to the field. Readers will also find a comprehensive approach to artificial intelligence applied to and written in the language of materials chemistry, guiding the reader through the fundamental questions on how far computer algorithms and numerical representations can drive our search of new nanoporous materials for specific applications. Designed for academic researchers and industry professionals with an interest in synthetic nanoporous materials chemistry, Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in large energy, chemical, and biochemical companies with responsibilities related to the design of new nanoporous materials.

• The confluence of organo-cations, inorganic species, and molecular modeling on the discovery of new zeolite structures and compositions / Christopher M. Lew, Dan Xie, Joel E. Schmidt, Saleh Elomari, Tracy M. Davis, and Stacey I. Zones
• Efficient data utilization in training machine learning models for nanoporous materials screening / Jiham Kim

AI-Guided Design and Property Prediction for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials A cohesive and insightful compilation of resources explaining the latest discoveries and methods in the field of nanoporous materials In Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust compilation of the latest knowledge and most recent developments in computational chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and artificial intelligence as it applies to zeolites, porous molecular materials, covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks. The book presents a common language that unifies these fields of research and advances the discovery of new nanoporous materials. The editors have included resources that describe strategies to synthesize new nanoporous materials, construct databases of materials, structure directing agents, and synthesis conditions, and explain computational methods to generate new materials. They also offer material that discusses AI and machine learning algorithms, as well as other, similar approaches to the field. Readers will also find a comprehensive approach to artificial intelligence applied to and written in the language of materials chemistry, guiding the reader through the fundamental questions on how far computer algorithms and numerical representations can drive our search of new nanoporous materials for specific applications. Designed for academic researchers and industry professionals with an interest in synthetic nanoporous materials chemistry, Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in large energy, chemical, and biochemical companies with responsibilities related to the design of new nanoporous materials

• Inverse problems and data assimilation in earth sciences / Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Fabio Castelli, Dylan Jones, and Sabrina Sanchez
• Emerging directions in geophysical inversion / Andrew P. Valentine and Malcolm Sambridge
• A tutorial on Bayesian data assimilation / Colin Grudzien and Marc Bocquet
• Third-order sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, data assimilation, forward and inverse predictive modelling for large-scale systems / Dan Cacuci
• Data assimilation of seasonal snow / Manuela Girotto, Keith N. Musselman, and Richard L. H. Essery
• Data assimilation in glaciology / Mathieu Morlighem and Daniel Goldberg
• Data assimilation in hydrological sciences / Fabio Castelli
• Data assimilation and inverse modelling of atmospheric trace constituents / Dylan Jones
• Data assimilation of volcanic clouds : recent advances and implications on operational forecasts / Arnau Folch and Leonardo Mingari
• Data assimilation in the near-earth electron radiation environment / Yuri Y. Shprits, Angelica M. Castillo, Nikita Aseev, Sebastian Cervantes, Ingo Michaelis, Irina Zhelavskaya, Artem Smirnov, and Dedong Wang
• Trans-dimensional markov chain Monte Carlo methods applied to geochronology and thermochronology / Kerry Gallagher
• Inverse problems in lava dynamics / Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Alexander Korotkii, Oleg Melnik, Ilya Starodubtsev, Yulia Starodubtseva, Igor Tsepelev, and Natalya Zeinalova
• Data assimilation for real-time shake-mapping and prediction of ground shaking in earthquake early warning / Mitsuyuki Hoshiba
• Global Seismic tomography using time domain waveform inversion / Barbara Romanowicz
• Solving larger seismic inverse problems with smarter methods / Lars Gebraad, Dirk-Philip van Herwaarden, Solvi Thrastarson, and Andreas Fichtner
• Using joint inversion as a hypothesis testing tool / Max Moorkamp
• Crustal structure and moho depth in the Tibetan Plateau from inverse modelling of gravity data / Shuanggen Jin and S. B. Xuan
• Geodetic inversions and applications in geodynamics / Grigory Steblov and Irina Vladimirova
• Data assimilation in geodynamics : methods and applications / Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Igor Tsepelev, and Alexander Korotkii
• Geodynamic data assimilation : techniques and observables to construct and constrain time-dependent earth models / Hans-Peter Bunge, Andre Horbach, Lorenzo Colli, Siavash Ghelichkhan, Berta Vilacís, and Jorge N. Hayek
• Understanding and predicting geomagnetic secular variation via data assimilation / Weijia Kuang, Kyle Gwirtz, Andrew Tangborn, and Mathias Morzfeld
• Pointwise and spectral observations in geomagnetic data assimilation : the importance of localisation / Sabrina Sanchez.

"A comprehensive reference on data assimilation and inverse problems, and their applications across a broad range of geophysical disciplines, ideal for researchers and graduate students. It highlights the importance of data assimilation for understanding dynamical processes of the Earth and its space environment, and summarises recent advances"-- Provided by publisher.

• Part I: Fundamentals of Earth AI1. Basic Concepts of Earth AI2. Introductory AI Algorithms3. AI Infrastructure
• hardware and software for developing Earth AIPart II. Existing Best Practices4. AI for Earthquake Hidden Signal Detection5. AI for Dust Storm Detection6. AI for Snow Monitoring7. AI for Volcano Pre-warning and Prediction8. AI for Landslide Damage Assessment9. AI for Hurricane Prediction10. AI for Precipitation Prediction11. AI for Drought Monitoring12. AI for Wildfire Detection13. AI for Air Quality Prediction14. AI for Agricultural Irrigation Decision Making15. AI for Land Cover Land Use Classification16. AI for Ocean mesoscale eddies detectionPart III Fundamental Challenges for AI in Earth Sciences17. AI Model Selection and Tuning18. Training Data Preparation19. Explainable AI20. AI Generalization 21. AI Integration with Physics-based Models 22. AI Provenance (Replicability & Reproducibility)23. AI Ethics

• Contributors vii Preface xiii
• 1 An Introduction to Big Data Analytics 1 Erik Hoel Part I: Big Data Analytics Architecture 29
• 2 Introduction to Big Data Analytics Architecture 31 Thomas Huang
• 3 Scaling Big Earth Science Data Systems Via Cloud Computing 35 Hook Hua, Gerald Manipon, and Sujen Shah
• 4 NOAA Open Data Dissemination (Formerly NOAA Big Data Project/Program) 65 Adrienne Simonson, Otis Brown, Jenny Dissen, Edward J. Kearns, Kate Szura, and Jonathan Brannock
• 5 A Data Cube Architecture for Cloud-Based Earth Observation Analytics 95 Peter Wang, Robert Woodcock, Ronnie Taib, Matt Paget, and Alex Held
• 6 Open Source Exploratory Analysis of Big Earth Data With Nexus 115 Thomas Huang, Edward M. Armstrong, Nga T. Chung, Eamon Ford, rank R. Greguska III, Joseph C. Jacob, Brian D. Wilson, Elizabeth Yam, and Alice Yepremyan
• 7 Benchmark Comparison of Cloud Analytics Methods Applied to Earth Observations 137 Christopher Lynnes, Michael M. Little, Thomas Huang, Joseph Charles Jacob, Chaowei Phil Yang, Mahabaleshwara Hegde, and Hailiang Zhang Part II: Analysis Methods for Big Earth Data 153
• 8 Introduction to Analysis Methods for Big Earth Data 155 Christopher Lynnes
• 9 Spatial Statistics for Big Data Analytics in the Ocean and Atmosphere: Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities 159 Kevin A. Butler and Tiffany C. Vance
• 10 Giving Scientists Back Their Flow: Analyzing Big Geoscience Data Sets in the Cloud 177 Niall Robinson, Theo McCaie, Jacob Tomlinson, Alex Hilson, Tom Powell, Rachel Prudden, Megan Fitzsimon, and Alberto Arribas
• 11 The Distributed Oceanographic Match-Up Service 195 Shawn R. Smith, Mark A. Bourassa, Jocelyn Elya, Thomas Huang, Kevin Michael Gill, Frank R. Greguska III, Nga Chung, Vardis Tsontos, Benjamin Holt, Thomas Cram, and Zaihua Ji Part III: Big Earth Data Applications 221
• 12 Introduction to Big Earth Data Applications 223 Christopher Lynnes and Tiffany C. Vance
• 13 Topological Methods for Pattern Detection in Climate Data 227 Grzegorz Muszynski, Vitaliy Kurlin, Dmitriy Morozov, Michael Wehner, Karthik Kashinath, and Prabhat Ram
• 14 Exploring Large Scale Data Analysis and Visualization for Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Data Discovery Using NoSQL Technologies 243 Bhargavi Krishna, Kyle Dumas, and Giri Prakash
• 15 Demonstrating Condensed Massive Satellite Data Sets for Rapid Data Exploration: The MODIS Land Surface Temperatures of Antarctica 259 G. E. Grant, D. W. Gallaher, and Q. Lv
• 16 Developing Big Data Infrastructure for Analyzing AIS Vessel Tracking Data on a Global Scale 279 Rob Bochenek, Jessica Austin, John-Marc Dunaway, and Tiffany C. Vance
• 17 Future of Big Earth Data Analytics 299 Christopher Lynnes and Thomas Huang Index 311.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Applying tools for data analysis to the rapidly increasing volume of data about the Earth An ever-increasing volume of Earth data is being gathered. These data are "big" not only in size but also in their complexity, different formats, and varied scientific disciplines. As such, big data are disrupting traditional research. New methods and platforms, such as the cloud, are tackling these new challenges. Big Data Analytics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences explores new tools for the analysis and display of the rapidly increasing volume of data about the Earth. Volume highlights include: An introduction to the breadth of big earth data analytics Architectures developed to support big earth data analytics Different analysis and statistical methods for big earth data Current applications of analytics to Earth science data Challenges to fully implementing big data analytics The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• One. Time Travel
• Two. Saharan Glaciers
• Three. Meltwater Plume
• Four. Frozen Greenhouse
• Five. Clocks in Rocks
• Six. Broken Thermostat
• Seven. Fossil Records
• Eight. Oxygen Rise
• Nine. Limiting Nutrients
• Ten. A Pinch of Salt
• Eleven. Biosphere Resilience
• Twelve. Time's Arrow
• Notes
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

• Intro
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• About This Book
• Contents
• About the Authors
• 1 An Overview of the Clay Minerals: Composition, Classification, Internal Structure and Properties
• 1.1 Clay Minerals and Clays: What They Actually Are
• 1.2 Composition and Classification of the Clay Minerals
• 1.3 Internal Structures of the Clay Minerals
• 1.4 Specific Surface Area of the Clay Minerals
• 1.5 Colour of Clay Minerals
• 1.6 Cation Substitution and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Clay Minerals
• 1.7 Clay Mineral as Adsorbents of Organic and Inorganic Substances

• 2.1.6 Possible Effects of Other Physico-Chemical Properties of Clays on Their Virus Adsorption Mechanism
• 2.1.7 Effects of Presence of Organic Matters
• 2.1.8 Strength of Bonding Between the Clay Surfaces and the Adsorbed Viruses
• 2.2 Antibacterial Actions of Clay Minerals
• 2.2.1 The Mechanisms of Clay-Supported Bactericidal Processes
• 2.2.2 Adsorption of Bacteria on Clay Surfaces
• 2.2.3 Other Antibacterial Actions of Clays
• 2.3 Loading of Clay Interlayer Spaces with Antimicrobial Cations
• 2.4 Antitoxic Actions of Clays: Mechanism and Controlling Factors

This book provides a comprehensive description of the application of clay minerals as disinfectants and the ingredients of medicines. While the presently available literature highlights one or two aspects of medicinal clays, a comprehensive text on all their major pharmaceutical applications is lacking. This book endeavors to fill up this lacuna. It further elucidates the properties of clay minerals that facilitate their application in the protection of human health, and how these properties are related to the chemical compositions and internal structures of selected mineral groups, thus revealing to the students, teachers and researchers the underlying relationship of seemingly different disciplines like mineralogy, material science and medical science. The thought-provoking questions added at the end of each chapter will give the readers a better insight of this subject. The tangible definitions and explanations of all the relevant scientific terms provided in this book, both within the text and in a glossary list at the end, are expected to help the beginners to develop a clear-cut understanding regarding different aspects of the subject and clear any confusion resulting from the ambiguous usage of terms in the existing literature.

• Chapter 1. Background, Mathematic Preliminaries and Notations
• Chapter 2. Orientation of Fabric Elements
• Chapter 3. Stress, Strain, and Elasticity
• Chapter 4. Deformation: Strain and Rotation
• Chapter 5. Flow: Strain Rate and Vorticity
• Chapter 6. Flow and Finite Deformation in Tabular Zones
• Chapter 7. Constitutive Equations
• Chapter 8. Rotation of Rigid Objects in Homogeneous Flows
• Chapter 9. Further Analysis of Spheroids in Simple Shearing Flows
• Chapter 10. Eshelby’s Inclusion and Inhomogeneity Problem
• Chapter 11. Viscous Inclusions in Anisotropic Materials
• Chapter 12. Two-Dimensional Inclusion Problems
• Chapter 13. Effective Stiffnesses of Heterogeneous Materials
• Chapter 14. Application Example 1: An Elastic Prolate Object in a Viscous Matrix
• Chapter 15. Application Example 2: A Penny-Shaped Viscous Inclusion in an Elastic Matrix
• Chapter 16. Application Example 3: Deformation around a Heterogeneity: Flanking Structures
• Chapter 17. Generalization of Eshelby's Formalism and a Self-Consistent Model for Multiscale Rock Deformation.

The book integrates theory, numerical methods, and practical applications seamlessly. MATLAB and MathCad programs are provided for readers to master the theory, understand the approach, and to further develop and apply the methods to geological problems. Multiscale and multi-physics investigations of Earth and planetary processes have been an active trend of research in Earth Sciences, thanks to the development of scientific computation and computer software and hardware. Based on the author's research and teaching over the past 15 years, the book stands alone as the first comprehensive text in unifying fundamental continuum micromechanics theory, geometric/kinematic analysis, and applications. The book should appeal to a broad audience of students and researchers, particularly those in the fields of structural geology, tectonics, (natural and experimental) rock deformation, mineral physics and rheology, and numerical modeling of multiscale and coupling processes.

"Humans have been beguiled and fascinated by gemstones and crystals since prehistory, and made use of them for everything from currency and ceremonial decoration to tokens of love or power. But why have some been considered more significant than others--rare or otherwise? Learn all about the key characteristics of precious and semi-precious stones, and discover the science behind some of their more unusual and mysterious properties, and the various ways in which they have taken on powerful symbolic meanings. How did the Vikings use iolite to help them steer their ships, for example? And why did the Ancient Greeks and Romans believe that sardonyx could protect them in battle? Inside this magical book of crystals, you will find: - A quirky and compelling angle on the subject of crystals and gems--combining science with culture and history. - Definitions for the key properties of precious, semi-precious, and organic stones. -An exploration of their traditional uses in healing and manifesting, and the powers they have been ascribed through the centuries. -The stories of famous gems and jewels throughout history. Encounter the fascinating stories of some of the most famous or celebrated gemstones and jewels along the way--from a turquoise-studded pectoral worn during Aztec ceremonies, to the diamond necklace that helped to bring about the French Revolution--in this glorious celebration of precious, semi-precious, and organic stones in all their beauty and variety."--Amazon.com.

• The Hayward Fault
• Lake Merritt
• Downtown
• Mountain View Cemetery
• The Piedmont Block
• The fan, or the second level
• Indian Gulch
• The Bay Shore and Flats
• Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
• Leona Heights and the Southern Oakland Hills
• The Ridgeline

"Essays examining the city of Oakland through the lens of geology"-- Provided by publisher

• Chapter 1. Introduction and Back Ground History
• Chapter 2. The Ediacaran rock units
• Chapter 3. The Cambrian Period
• Chapter 4. The Ordovician Period
• Chapter 5. The Silurian Period
• Chapter 6. The Devonian Period
• Chapter 7. The Carboniferous Period
• Chapter 8. The Permian Period

This book presents the following geological contributions in Ediacaran and Paleozoic rocks. 1) It introduces four new rock units for the first time, the Ediacaran El Urf Formation (volcanoclastic sediments in the central Eastern Desert), the Ediacaran Abu Haswa Formation (stromatolitic dolostone in southwestern Sinai), the Early Permian Wadi Dome Formation (mixed clastics and carbonates in the west of Suez Gulf) and the Early Permian Misawag Formation (in the subsurface, northwestern Desert), 2) making correlation of the Ediacaran rock units with the corresponding rock units in Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 3) linking the exposed Paleozoic rock units with their equivalent rock units in subsurface in northwestern desert, 4) correlating the Paleozoic rock units with the equivalent rock units in adjacent countries, e. g. Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 5) manifesting the possible depositional environments of the Ediacaran and Paleozoic rock units. Additionally, it offers an important unique geological information about the Ediacaran and Paleozoic rock units in Egypt. It unifies the nomenclature of Paleozoic rock units that take numerous names for the same geological time. It obsoletes the formation names that do not follow the rules of the North American stratigraphic code (1983) for rock units nomenclature. It provides the target audience illustrations, e.g. field photographs for the exposed rock units that save efforts and time for audience (undergraduate, post-graduate, researchers and professional) to reach to the original localities of each rock units. It provides the audience with schematic diagrams that exhibit the link between the exposed and subsurface rock units all over the Egyptian territory. It describes the following topics of each rock unit: definition, stratigraphic contact, lithological characteristics, faunal and floral associations that are used for the identification of the possible age, correlation with corresponding rock units in adjacent countries, e.g. Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia and the possible depositional environments for each rock units. The book is a fundamental source of an updated version of the information in the field to the undergraduate, graduate, researchers, professional, practitioners and policy planning elsewhere

• 1-Preface
• 2-Introduction: volcanic geoheritage for geotourism (K. Nemeth)
• 3-Geographical and geological context
• Geographical diversity of El Hierro Island (L. Garcia-Rodriguez)
• Volcanology of recent oceanic active island (Involcan)
• Volcanic geomoprhology od El Hierro Island (C. Romero and C. Guillen)
• 4-Diversity of geographical natural and cultural heritage
• Natural volcanic landscapes in subtropical oceanic island (E. Beltran and I. Esquivel)
• Values of volcanic geomorphosites of El Hierro (J. Doniz-Paez and R. Becerra-Ramirez)
• Cultural heritage and human occupation in a small volcanic island (C. S. Martin)
• Archaeological heritage of the Bimbape population (E. Chavez)
• Rural landscapes in an oceanic volcanic island (V. O. Martin)
• 5-Geotourism in El Hierro Global geopark
• El Hierro geopark: the sustainable tourism (Cabildo de El Hierro)
• Volcano tourism georoutes in El Hierro Global Geopark (J. Doniz-Paez, R. Becerra-Ramirez, E. Escobar and E. Gonzalez)
• Geographic analysis of bird diversity, birdwatching tourism and conservation in El
• Hierro geopark (R. U. Gosavez Rey)
• Cultural landscapes in the "Sea of Calms" and La Restinga coast. The maritime cultural landscape under the tourist gaze (R. de la Cruz-Modino, R. Jacinto-Farina, D.
• Dominguez, A. Santana-Talavera and J. Pascual-Fernandez)
• Submarine eruption of El Hierro, geotourism and geoparks (N.M. Perez).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This open access book explores El Hierro Island, which is geologically the youngest of the Canary Islands (Spain). Having registered its latest volcanic eruption in 2011-2012, it is an oceanic subtropical island with low population pressure and a largely unchanged natural landscape. Accordingly, a great geodiversity of volcanic morphologies and erosion processes has been preserved. In addition, half of the land is protected as a Biosphere Reserve and as a UNESCO Global Geopark, and the island is pursuing energy self-sufficiency. Local tourism is a sustainable activity, as the main attractions are either diving or hiking through the island's various volcanic landscapes. Covering these and other aspects, and using accessible language, the book will appeal to scientists specialized in geotourism, active leisure entrepreneurs, and members of the general public interested in volcanic geoheritage and geotourism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)