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• Heritage speakers and heritage languages
• History of the field of heritage language studies
• Social aspects of heritage languages
• Bilingual language use
• Methods for collecting heritage language data
• Studying variability in heritage language speaker populations
• and the base line
• Heritage language phenomena and what triggers them
• Grammatical models and research paradigms
• Language processing in multilingual speakers
• Heritage languages in a post-colonial setting: focus on Papiamentu
• The political dimension of heritage languages: endangered languages,
• language rights, and the preservation of diversity
• Technical terms used in this book related to heritage languages

Heritage languages, such as the Turkish varieties spoken in Berlin or the Spanish used in Los Angeles, are non-dominant languages, often with little prestige. Their speakers also speak the dominant language of the country they live in. Often heritage languages undergo changes due to their special status. They have received a lot of scholarly attention and provide a link between academic concerns and educational issues. This book takes a language contact perspective: we consider heritage languages from the perspective of their history, their structural properties, and their interaction with other surrounding languages.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Heritage languages, such as the Turkish varieties spoken in Berlin or the Spanish used in Los Angeles, are non-dominant languages, often with little prestige. Their speakers also speak the dominant language of the country they live in. Often heritage languages undergo changes due to their special status. They have received a lot of scholarly attention and provide a link between academic concerns and educational issues. This book takes a language contact perspective: we consider heritage languages from the perspective of their history, their structural properties, and their interaction with other surrounding languages.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: Jokes and the Linguistic Mind
• Chapter 2: Playing with Linguistic Pragmatics
• Chapter 3: Playing with Semantics
• Chapter 4: Playing with Morphology and Phonology
• Chapter 5: Playing with Syntax
• Chapter 6: A Case Study: Word Association Football
• Chapter 7: Jokes in More Than One language
• Chapter 8: Jokes about Language
• Chapter 9: Cryptic Crossword Puzzles and Linguistic Knowledge.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Through the lens of cognitive science, Jokes and the Linguistic Mind investigates jokes that play on some aspect of the structure and function of language. In so doing, Debra Aarons shows that these 'linguistic jokes' can evoke our tacit knowledge of the language we use. Analyzing hilarious examples from movies, plays and books, Jokes and the Linguistic Mind demonstrates that tacit linguistic knowledge must become conscious for linguistic jokes to be understood. The book examines jokes that exploit pragmatic, semantic, morphological, phonological and semantic features of language, as well as jokes that use more than one language and jokes that are about language itself. Additionally, the text explores the relationship between cryptic crossword clues and linguistic jokes in order to demonstrate the difference between tacit knowledge of language and rules of language use that are articulated for a particular purpose. With its use of jokes as data and its highly accessible explanations of complex linguistic concepts, this book is an engaging supplementary text for introductory courses in linguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive science. It will also be of interest to scholars in translation studies, applied linguistics and philosophy of language.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Can computer games be treated as literature? Do the rapidly evolving and culturally expanding genres of digital literature mean that narrative mode of discourse - novels, films, television series - is losing its dominant position in our culture. Is it necessary to define a new aesthetics of cyborg textuality? In this book, the author explores the aesthetics and textual dynamics of digital literature and its diverse genres, including hypertext fiction, computer games, computer-generated poetry and prose, and collaborative Internet texts such as MUDs. Instead of insisting on the uniqueness and newness of electronic writing and interactive fiction, however, the author situates these literary forms within the tradition of "ergodic" literature - a term borrowed form physics to describe open, dynamic texts such as the "I Ching" or Apollinaire's calligrams with which the reader must perform specific actions to generate a literary sequence. Constructing a theoretical model that describes how new electronic forms build on this tradition, the author bridges the divide between paper texts and electronic texts. He then uses the perspective of ergodic aesthetics to re-examine literary theories of narrative, semiotics, and rhetoric and to explore the implications of applying these theories to materials for which they were not intended.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction
• PART I THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
• 2. Categorization in Linguistics
• 3. Grammatical Gradience
• 4. Gradience and Related Notions
• PART II GRADIENCE IN ENGLISH CASE STUDIES
• 5. Subsective Gradience
• 6. Intersective Gradience
• 7. Constructional Gradience
• PART III FORMALIZATION
• 8. Modelling Syntactic Gradience
• References
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This is the first exhaustive investigation of gradience in syntax, conceived of as grammatical indeterminacy. It looks at gradience in English word classes, phrases, clauses and constructions, and examines how it may be defined and differentiated. Professor Aarts addresses the tension between linguistic concepts and the continuous phenomena they describe by testing and categorizing grammatical vagueness and indeterminacy. He considers to what extent gradience is a grammatical phenomenon or a by-product of imperfect linguistic description, and makes a series of linked proposals for its theoretical formalization. Bas Aarts draws on, and reviews, work in psychology, philosophy and language from Aristotle to Chomsky., and writes clearly on a fascinating and important aspect of language and cognition. His book will appeal to scholars and graduate students of language and syntactic theory in departments of (English) linguistics, philosophy and cognitive science.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Abbreviations; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; Part I: Theoretical Background; 2 Categorization in Linguistics; 3 Grammatical Gradience; 4 Gradience and Related Notions; Part Ii: Gradience in English: Case Studies; 5 Subsective Gradience; 6 Intersective Gradience; 7 Constructional Gradience; Part Iii: Formalization; 8 Modelling Syntactic Gradience; References; Index; Names Index; Subject Index.

This is the first exhaustive investigation of gradience in syntax, conceived of as grammatical indeterminacy. It looks at gradience in English word classes, phrases, clauses and constructions, and examines how it may be recognized, defined, and differentiated. Bas Aarts considers the degree to which gradience is a grammatical phenomenon or a by-product of imperfect linguistic description, and makes a series of linked proposals for its theoretical formalization. His book will appeal. to scholars and students of language and syntactic theory in departments of linguistics, philosophy and cognitiv.

• 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 Orientation of the present study; 1.1.1 Semantic vs. syntactic information; 1.1.2 Deviance vs. non-deviance; 1.2 Modes of interpretation, possible readings and likely readings; 1.3 Features, concepts, senses and reference; 1.4 Metaphorical and non-metaphorical interpretations; 1.5 Technical terms;
• 2. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES; 2.1 Classifying features: primary features; 2.1.1 Higher-level primary features; 2.1.2 Lower-level primary features; 2.1.2.1 Lower-level primary features of nouns; 2.1.2.2 Lower-level primary features of adjectives

• 2.1.3 Primary features of nouns as contextual features2.1.4 Residue of meaning; 2.2 Meaning-extending features; 2.2.1 Generative features and transfer features; 2.2.2 Secondary features and evaluative features; 2.3 Predicational relators; 2.4 Summary and conclusions; 2.4.1 Nature and function of primary features; 2.4.2 Extensions of primary features: factual beliefs and the notion typically associated with
• 2.4.3 The function of contextual features; 2.4.4 Secondary features; 2.4.5 Polysemy; 2.4.6 Metaphorical readings and the notion semantic background

• 3. INTERPRETIVE RULES AND PROCESSING3.1 Non-metaphorical readings; 3.1.1 General processing; 3.1.2 Survey of non-metaphorical readings; 3.1.2.1 Readings involving basic senses; 3.1.2.2 Readings involving extended senses; 3.1.2.3 Transfer readings; 3.1.2.4 Case-assignment; 3.1.2.5 I-transfer and Ev-assignment; 3.2 Metaphorical readings; 3.2.1 General processing; 3.2.2 Survey of metaphorical readings; 3.2.2.1 Extended non-metaphorical readings vs. metaphorical readings; 3.2.2.2 Degrees of explicitness and levels of metaphorization; 3.2.2.3 Metaphorical readings with I-transfer and Ev-assignment

• 3.3 Summary and conclusions: the wider context3.3.1 Interpretive strategies; 3.3.2 A new look at extended readings;
• APPENDIX 1: PR's, typical CONT features, typical PR's;
• APPENDIX 2: Survey of features;
• APPENDIX 3: Survey of readings;
• APPENDIX 4: Abbreviations and symbols; REFERENCES CITED; INDEX

Over the past few decades, the book series Linguistische Arbeiten [Linguistic Studies], comprising over 500 volumes, has made a significant contribution to the development of linguistic theory both in Germany and internationally. The series will continue to deliver new impulses for research and maintain the central insight of linguistics that progress can only be made in acquiring new knowledge about human languages both synchronically and diachronically by closely combining empirical and theoretical analyses. To this end, we invite submission of high-quality linguistic studies from all the central areas of general linguistics and the linguistics of individual languages which address topical questions, discuss new data and advance the development of linguistic theory.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Over the past few decades, the book series Linguistische Arbeiten [Linguistic Studies], comprising over 500 volumes, has made a significant contribution to the development of linguistic theory both in Germany and internationally. The series will continue to deliver new impulses for research and maintain the central insight of linguistics that progress can only be made in acquiring new knowledge about human languages both synchronically and diachronically by closely combining empirical and theoretical analyses. To this end, we invite submission of high-quality linguistic studies from all the central areas of general linguistics and the linguistics of individual languages which address topical questions, discuss new data and advance the development of linguistic theory.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Chapter 1: The Current State of Affairs in Germany's Multicultural Society
• Chapter 2: Theoretical Grounding and Methodologies
• Chapter 3: Recent Trends in German Integration Discourse: From the Sarrazin Controversies to the Decline of Political Correctness
• Chapter 4: Leitkultur and Discourse Hegemonies: German Mainstream Media Coverage on the Integration Debate between 2009 and 2014
• Chapter 5: Leitkultur 3.0: A Latent Class Cluster Analysis of German Integration Discourse within Bundestag Plenary Protocols and Mainstream Newspapers
• Chapter 6: Wutburger in the Lugenpresse: A Relational Discourse Analysis of the New German Populism in Mainstream Newspapers (2013-2015)
• Chapter 7: Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book scrutinizes the media portrayals of (ethnic/religious) minorities in Germany, encompassing the fields of public affairs, media effects, political communication, multiculturalism, populism in the media and politicized uses of collective identities. It compares the political discourse (Bundestag plenary protocols) with the mainstream discourse (mainstream press) in Germany over the sample period of 2009-2015, and explores a multi-layered debate from different perspectives by combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Moreover, this research intends to detect, analyze and connect the dots between recurrent themes, news stories, actors, events and ideologies within the delicate debate on minorities in Germany's multicultural society. The mixed-methods approach includes content analysis, template analysis, relational discourse analysis, latent class cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression. The interdisciplinary approach of this research presents various aspects of social sciences, such as media and communication studies (agenda-setting theory), social psychology (social-identity theory), media sociology (discursive power), political science (right-wing populism) and anthropology (race and ethnicity). This extensive research is meant to contribute to existing political efforts and academic studies, in order to fully grasp the dynamics of German immigration and integration policies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)