%{search_type} search results

• Foreword
• Introduction
• International standards on child perpetrators of atrocities
• Putting international standards into practice
• Rwanda : setting the context
• Rwanda's responses, in law, policy and practice to child génocidaires
• International actors and Rwandan child génocidaire
• UNICEF Rwanda's policy and advocacy : a strategic approach
• Evaluating UNICEF Rwanda's approach : a case of principled pragmatism?
• Child perpetrators and child rights : Rwanda and beyond

Following a devastating genocide in 1994, the Rwandan government elected to hold all perpetrators accountable - including children. Thousands of children were held in prisons while awaiting charges; some were later convicted. This book is about these children. Drawing on interviews and extensive archival research in Rwanda, it documents their journey through prisons, formal courts, gacaca proceedings or re-education centres. Its insights extend beyond Rwanda, looking at how international law protects children accused of even the most serious atrocities. The book is about law in action, and how states, and international organisations, operationalise international standards on child perpetrators in challenging post-conflict conditions. Engaging with theories from international law, international relations and anthropology, it illuminates strategies utilised by UNICEF to promote the rights of alleged child genocidaires and traces UNICEF's positive influence on their protection. It makes the case for principled pragmatism as an approach to human rights promotion in post-conflict societies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• A short history of the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath
• The implementation of modern Gacaca
• Transitional justice through prosecution
• Transitional justice through reparation
• Conclusion.

Rwanda's Gacaca courts provide an innovative response to the genocide of 1994. Incorporating elements of both African dispute resolution and of Western-style criminal courts, Gacaca courts are in line with recent trends to revive traditional grassroots mechanisms as a way of addressing a violent past. Having been devised as a holistic approach to prosecution and punishment as well as to healing and repairing, they also reflect the increasing importance of victim participation in international criminal justice. This book critically examines the Gacaca courts' achievements as a mechanism of criminal justice and as a tool for healing, repairing, and reconciling the shattered communities. Having prosecuted over one million people suspected of crimes during the 1994 genocide, the courts have been both praised for their efficiency and condemned for their lack of due process. Drawing upon extensive observations of trial proceedings, this book is the first to provide a detailed analysis of the Gacaca legislation and its practical implementation. It discusses the Gacaca courts within the framework of transitional and international criminal justice and argues that, despite the trend towards local, tailor-made solutions to the challenges of political transition, there is a common set of principles to be respected in addressing the past. Evaluating the Gacaca courts against the backdrop of existing or emerging principles, such as the duties to investigate and prosecute, and the right to the truth, the book provides a sophisticated critique of Rwanda's reconciliation policy. In doing so, it contributes to the development and the clarification of these principles. It concludes that Gacaca courts have achieved a great deal in stimulating a basic discourse on the genocide, but they have also contributed to assigning collective responsibility and may thus end up deepening the divides within Rwandan society.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. A Short History of the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath
• 2. The Implementation of Modern Gacaca
• 3. Transitional Justice Through Prosecution
• Appendix: The Gacaca Law.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Rwanda's Gacaca courts provide an innovative response to the genocide of 1994. Incorporating elements of both African dispute resolution and of Western-style criminal courts, Gacaca courts are in line with recent trends to revive traditional grassroots mechanisms as a way of addressing a violent past. Having been devised as a holistic approach to prosecution and punishment as well as to healing and repairing, they also reflect the increasing importance of victim participation in international criminal justice. This book critically examines the Gacaca courts' achievements as a mechanism of criminal justice and as a tool for healing, repairing, and reconciling the shattered communities. Having prosecuted over one million people suspected of crimes during the 1994 genocide, the courts have been both praised for their efficiency and condemned for their lack of due process. Drawing upon extensive observations of trial proceedings, this book is the first to provide a detailed analysis of the Gacaca legislation and its practical implementation. It discusses the Gacaca courts within the framework of transitional and international criminal justice and argues that, despite the trend towards local, tailor-made solutions to the challenges of political transition, there is a common set of principles to be respected in addressing the past. Evaluating the Gacaca courts against the backdrop of existing or emerging principles, such as the duties to investigate and prosecute, and the right to the truth, the book provides a sophisticated critique of Rwanda's reconciliation policy. In doing so, it contributes to the development and the clarification of these principles. It concludes that Gacaca courts have achieved a great deal in stimulating a basic discourse on the genocide, but they have also contributed to assigning collective responsibility and may thus end up deepening the divides within Rwandan society.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: An Introduction
• Chapter 2: Global Elite Bystanders, Genocide Complicity
• Chapter 3: Reading the Histories of Rwanda
• Chapter 4: The Specter of Genocide in Rwanda and its Aftermath: Internal and External Responsibility for Genocide
• Chapter 5: The French 'Resolution'
• Chapter 6: Britain, Uganda and the RPF
• Chapter 7: How Britain responded
• Chapter 8: A conclusion
• Notes
• References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Britain's Hidden Role in the Rwandan Genocide examines the role of the United Kingdom as a global elite bystander to the crime of genocide, and its complicity, in violation of international criminal laws during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. As prevailing accounts confine themselves to the role and actions of the United States and the United Nations, the full picture of Rwanda's genocide has yet to be revealed. Hazel Cameron demonstrates that it is the unravelling of the criminal role and actions of the British that illuminates a more detailed answer to the question of 'why' the genocide in Rwanda occurred. In this book, she provides a systematic and detailed analysis of the policies of the British Government towards civil unrest in Rwanda throughout the 1990s that culminated in genocide. Utilising documentary evidence obtained as a result of Freedom of Information requests to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, as well as material obtained through extensive interviews - with British government cabinet members, diplomats, Ambassadors to the United Nations Security Council, prisoners in Rwanda convicted of being leaders and organisers of genocide, and victims and survivors of genocide in Rwanda - the author finds that the actions of the British and French governments, both before and during the Rwandan genocide of 1994, were disassociated from human rights norms. It is suggested herein that the decision-making of the Major government during the period of 1990 - 1994 was for the advancement of the interrelated goals of maintaining power status and ensuring economic interests in key areas of Africa. This account of the legal culpability of the powerful within the corridors of government, in both London and Paris, shows that these behaviours cannot be conceptualised under existing notions of state crime. This book serves to illuminate the inadequacies and limitations of a concept of state crime in international law as it currently stands, and will be of considerable interest to anyone concerned with the misuse of state power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: An Introduction
• Chapter 2: Global Elite Bystanders, Genocide Complicity
• Chapter 3: Reading the Histories of Rwanda
• Chapter 4: The Specter of Genocide in Rwanda and its Aftermath: Internal and External Responsibility for Genocide
• Chapter 5: The French 'Resolution'
• Chapter 6: Britain, Uganda and the RPF
• Chapter 7: How Britain responded
• Chapter 8: A conclusion
• Notes
• References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Britain's Hidden Role in the Rwandan Genocide examines the role of the United Kingdom as a global elite bystander to the crime of genocide, and its complicity, in violation of international criminal laws during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. As prevailing accounts confine themselves to the role and actions of the United States and the United Nations, the full picture of Rwanda's genocide has yet to be revealed. Hazel Cameron demonstrates that it is the unravelling of the criminal role and actions of the British that illuminates a more detailed answer to the question of 'why' the genocide in Rwanda occurred. In this book, she provides a systematic and detailed analysis of the policies of the British Government towards civil unrest in Rwanda throughout the 1990s that culminated in genocide. Utilising documentary evidence obtained as a result of Freedom of Information requests to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, as well as material obtained through extensive interviews - with British government cabinet members, diplomats, Ambassadors to the United Nations Security Council, prisoners in Rwanda convicted of being leaders and organisers of genocide, and victims and survivors of genocide in Rwanda - the author finds that the actions of the British and French governments, both before and during the Rwandan genocide of 1994, were disassociated from human rights norms. It is suggested herein that the decision-making of the Major government during the period of 1990 - 1994 was for the advancement of the interrelated goals of maintaining power status and ensuring economic interests in key areas of Africa. This account of the legal culpability of the powerful within the corridors of government, in both London and Paris, shows that these behaviours cannot be conceptualised under existing notions of state crime. This book serves to illuminate the inadequacies and limitations of a concept of state crime in international law as it currently stands, and will be of considerable interest to anyone concerned with the misuse of state power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• A history of clientelism in Rwanda
• The RPF : an unrivaled patron
• The mental map : shared expectations of rule
• The gacaca court : deciding innocence and guilt
• Confessions : surrendering the right to rule
• Denunciations : local space and local control
• Judges : political co-optation at the grassroots.

This book shows how Rwanda's transitional courts that tried genocide crimes - the gacaca - produced social complicity and cemented authoritarian rule. It is unique for its in-depth investigation of the courts' legal operations: confessions, denunciation, and lay judging, and shows how targeted incentives such as grants of clemency, opportunities for private gain, and career advancement drew the masses into the orbit of the ethnic minority-dominated regime. Using previously untapped data, it illustrates how a decade of mass trials constructed a tacit patronage-driven relationship in which the interests of the citizenry became tied to the authoritarian elite that had discretionary power to grant or withdraw those benefits at will. The operation of law in individual behavior and authoritarian control presented in this volume will be of use to students and scholars in the social sciences, and practitioners interested in criminal law and transitional justice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Part I. Clientelist and Authoritarian Legacies: 1. A history of clientelism in Rwanda
• 2. The RPF: an unrivaled patron
• Part II. Formal and Informal Rules of the Game: 3. The mental map: shared expectations of rule
• 4. The gacaca court: deciding innocence and guilt
• Part III. Consolidating Authoritarianism: 5. Confessions: surrendering the right to rule
• 6. Denunciations: local space and local control
• 7. Judges: political cooptation at the grassroots
• Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book shows how Rwanda's transitional courts that tried genocide crimes - the gacaca - produced social complicity and cemented authoritarian rule. It is unique for its in-depth investigation of the courts' legal operations: confessions, denunciation, and lay judging, and shows how targeted incentives such as grants of clemency, opportunities for private gain, and career advancement drew the masses into the orbit of the ethnic minority-dominated regime. Using previously untapped data, it illustrates how a decade of mass trials constructed a tacit patronage-driven relationship in which the interests of the citizenry became tied to the authoritarian elite that had discretionary power to grant or withdraw those benefits at will. The operation of law in individual behavior and authoritarian control presented in this volume will be of use to students and scholars in the social sciences, and practitioners interested in criminal law and transitional justice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Part I. Clientelist and Authoritarian Legacies: 1. A history of clientelism in Rwanda
• 2. The RPF: an unrivaled patron
• Part II. Formal and Informal Rules of the Game: 3. The mental map: shared expectations of rule
• 4. The gacaca court: deciding innocence and guilt
• Part III. Consolidating Authoritarianism: 5. Confessions: surrendering the right to rule
• 6. Denunciations: local space and local control
• 7. Judges: political cooptation at the grassroots
• Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book shows how Rwanda's transitional courts that tried genocide crimes - the gacaca - produced social complicity and cemented authoritarian rule. It is unique for its in-depth investigation of the courts' legal operations: confessions, denunciation, and lay judging, and shows how targeted incentives such as grants of clemency, opportunities for private gain, and career advancement drew the masses into the orbit of the ethnic minority-dominated regime. Using previously untapped data, it illustrates how a decade of mass trials constructed a tacit patronage-driven relationship in which the interests of the citizenry became tied to the authoritarian elite that had discretionary power to grant or withdraw those benefits at will. The operation of law in individual behavior and authoritarian control presented in this volume will be of use to students and scholars in the social sciences, and practitioners interested in criminal law and transitional justice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• Map of Rwanda
• Introduction
• 1. Framing Gacaca: transitional justice themes
• 2. Moulding tradition: the history, law and hybridity of Gacaca
• 3. Interpreting Gacaca: the rationale for analysing a dynamic socio-legal institution
• 4. The Gacaca journey: the rough road to justice and reconciliation
• 5. Gacaca's modus operandi: engagement through popular participation
• 6. Gacaca's pragmatic objectives
• 7. Accuser, liberator or reconciler? Truth through Gacaca
• 8. Law, order and restoration: peace and justice through Gacaca
• 9. Mending hearts and minds: healing and forgiveness through Gacaca
• 10. (Re)fusing social bonds: Gacaca and reconciliation
• Conclusion
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since 2001, the Gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation programme. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, principally by providing eyewitness testimony concerning genocide crimes. Lawyers are banned from any official involvement, an issue that has generated sustained criticism from human rights organisations and international scepticism regarding Gacaca's efficacy. Drawing on more than six years of fieldwork in Rwanda and nearly five hundred interviews with participants in trials, this in-depth ethnographic investigation of a complex transitional justice institution explores the ways in which Rwandans interpret Gacaca. Its conclusions provide indispensable insight into post-genocide justice and reconciliation, as well as the population's views on the future of Rwanda itself.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• Map of Rwanda
• Introduction
• 1. Framing Gacaca: transitional justice themes
• 2. Moulding tradition: the history, law and hybridity of Gacaca
• 3. Interpreting Gacaca: the rationale for analysing a dynamic socio-legal institution
• 4. The Gacaca journey: the rough road to justice and reconciliation
• 5. Gacaca's modus operandi: engagement through popular participation
• 6. Gacaca's pragmatic objectives
• 7. Accuser, liberator or reconciler? Truth through Gacaca
• 8. Law, order and restoration: peace and justice through Gacaca
• 9. Mending hearts and minds: healing and forgiveness through Gacaca
• 10. (Re)fusing social bonds: Gacaca and reconciliation
• Conclusion
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since 2001, the Gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation programme. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, principally by providing eyewitness testimony concerning genocide crimes. Lawyers are banned from any official involvement, an issue that has generated sustained criticism from human rights organisations and international scepticism regarding Gacaca's efficacy. Drawing on more than six years of fieldwork in Rwanda and nearly five hundred interviews with participants in trials, this in-depth ethnographic investigation of a complex transitional justice institution explores the ways in which Rwandans interpret Gacaca. Its conclusions provide indispensable insight into post-genocide justice and reconciliation, as well as the population's views on the future of Rwanda itself.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• Map of Rwanda
• Introduction
• 1. Framing Gacaca: transitional justice themes
• 2. Moulding tradition: the history, law and hybridity of Gacaca
• 3. Interpreting Gacaca: the rationale for analysing a dynamic socio-legal institution
• 4. The Gacaca journey: the rough road to justice and reconciliation
• 5. Gacaca's modus operandi: engagement through popular participation
• 6. Gacaca's pragmatic objectives
• 7. Accuser, liberator or reconciler? Truth through Gacaca
• 8. Law, order and restoration: peace and justice through Gacaca
• 9. Mending hearts and minds: healing and forgiveness through Gacaca
• 10. (Re)fusing social bonds: Gacaca and reconciliation
• Conclusion
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since 2001, the Gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation programme. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, principally by providing eyewitness testimony concerning genocide crimes. Lawyers are banned from any official involvement, an issue that has generated sustained criticism from human rights organisations and international scepticism regarding Gacaca's efficacy. Drawing on more than six years of fieldwork in Rwanda and nearly five hundred interviews with participants in trials, this in-depth ethnographic investigation of a complex transitional justice institution explores the ways in which Rwandans interpret Gacaca. Its conclusions provide indispensable insight into post-genocide justice and reconciliation, as well as the population's views on the future of Rwanda itself.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduzione
• Inquadramento storico-politico. Dal periodo coloniale agli Accordi di Arusha
• Il genocidio ruandese a la communità internazionale
• La ricerca della giustizia
• Luci e ombre della riconciliazione
• Il Progetto Amahoro
• Conclusioni.

When genocidal violence gripped Rwanda in 1994, the international community recoiled, hastily withdrawing its peacekeepers. Late that year, in an effort to redeem itself, the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to seek accountability for some of the worst atrocities since World War II: the genocide suffered by the Tutsi and crimes against humanity suffered by the Hutu. But faced with competing claims, the prosecution focused exclusively on the crimes of Hutu extremists. No charges would be brought against the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front, which ultimately won control of the country. The UN, as if racked by guilt for its past inaction, gave in to pressure by Rwanda's new leadership. With the Hutu effectively silenced, and the RPF constantly reminding the international community of its failure to protect the Tutsi during the war, the Tribunal pursued an unusual form of one-sided justice, born out of contrition. Fascinated by the Tribunal's rich complexities, journalist Thierry Cruvellier came back day after day to watch the proceedings, spending more time there than any other outside observer. Gradually he gained the confidence of the victims, defendants, lawyers, and judges. Drawing on interviews with these protagonists and his close observations of their interactions, Cruvellier takes readers inside the courtroom to witness the motivations, mechanisms, and manipulations of justice as it unfolded on the stage of high-stakes, global politics. It is this ground-level view that makes his account so valuable--and so absorbing. A must-read for those who want to understand the dynamics of international criminal tribunals, Court of Remorse reveals both the possibilities and the challenges of prosecuting human rights violations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Addis ababa departure lounge -
• The eagle eye -
• At the first judgment -
• Lines of defense -
• The fool's game -
• Counting up the Interahamwe -
• The white man's grave -
• A little murder among friends -
• Opening up Kibuye -
• Be like the Arab (reason to doubt) -
• Closing up shop -
• A mayor in turmoil (the doubt in reason) -
• The principle of ignorance -
• The betrayal of the "moderates" -
• Like a flight of termites -
• Loser's justice -
• Giving and taking back.

In the wake of the genocidal violence that gripped Rwanda in 1994, the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rhanda to seek accountability for some of the worst atrocities sicne WWII. Journalist Thierry Cruvellier spent years covering the court's proceedings in detail, interviewing the protagonists and dissecting the dynamics of war crimes justice. -- Back cover.

When genocidal violence gripped Rwanda in 1994, the international community recoiled, hastily withdrawing its peacekeepers. Late that year, in an effort to redeem itself, the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to seek accountability for some of the worst atrocities since World War II: the genocide suffered by the Tutsi and crimes against humanity suffered by the Hutu. But faced with competing claims, the prosecution focused exclusively on the crimes of Hutu extremists. No charges would be brought against the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front, which ultimately won control of the country. The UN, as if racked by guilt for its past inaction, gave in to pressure by Rwanda's new leadership. With the Hutu effectively silenced, and the RPF constantly reminding the international community of its failure to protect the Tutsi during the war, the Tribunal pursued an unusual form of one-sided justice, born out of contrition. Fascinated by the Tribunal's rich complexities, journalist Thierry Cruvellier came back day after day to watch the proceedings, spending more time there than any other outside observer. Gradually he gained the confidence of the victims, defendants, lawyers, and judges. Drawing on interviews with these protagonists and his close observations of their interactions, Cruvellier takes readers inside the courtroom to witness the motivations, mechanisms, and manipulations of justice as it unfolded on the stage of high-stakes, global politics. It is this ground-level view that makes his account so valuable--and so absorbing. A must-read for those who want to understand the dynamics of international criminal tribunals, Court of Remorse reveals both the possibilities and the challenges of prosecuting human rights violations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Harmony legal models and the architecture of social repair
• Silencing the past : producing history and the politics of memory
• Escaping dichotomies : grassroots law in historical and global context
• Gacaca days and genocide citizenship
• Comite y'Abrunzi : politics and poetics for the ordinary
• The legal aid clinic : mediation as thick description
• Improvising authority : lay judges as intermediaries
• Conclusion: Legal architectures of social repair.

Kristin Conner Doughty examines how Rwandans navigated the combination of harmony and punishment in grassroots courts purportedly designed to rebuild the social fabric in the wake of the 1994 genocide. Postgenocide Rwandan officials developed new local courts ostensibly modeled on traditional practices of dispute resolution as part of a broader national policy of unity and reconciliation. The three legal forums at the heart of Remediation in Rwanda-genocide courts called inkiko gacaca, mediation committees called comite y'abunzi, and a legal aid clinic-all emphasized mediation based on principles of compromise and unity, brokered by third parties with the authority to administer punishment. Doughty demonstrates how exhortations to unity in legal forums served as a form of cultural control, even as people rebuilt moral community and conceived alternative futures through debates there. Investigating a broad range of disputes, she connects the grave disputes about genocide to the ordinary frictions people endured living in its aftermath. Remediation in Rwanda is therefore about not only national reconstruction but also a broader narrative of how the embrace of law, particularly in postconflict contexts, influences people's lives. Though law-based mediation is framed as benign-and is often justified as a purer form of culturally rooted dispute resolution, both by national governments such as Rwanda's, and in the transitional justice movement more broadly-its implementation, as Doughty reveals, involves coercion and accompanying resistance. Yet in grassroots legal forums that are deeply contextualized, law-based mediation can open up spaces in which people negotiate the micropolitics of reconciliation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Judging the crime of crimes
• 'When we walk out; what was it all about?'
• 'Watching the fish in the goldfish bowl'
• 'Who the hell cares how things are done in the old country'
• 'They don't say what they mean or mean what they say'
• 'We are not a truth commission'
• Conclusion.

Accounts of international criminal courts have tended to consist of reflections on abstract legal texts, on judgements and trial transcripts. Genocide Never Sleeps, based on ethnographic research at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), provides an alternative account, describing a messy, flawed human process in which legal practitioners faced with novel challenges sought to reconfigure long-standing habits and opinions while maintaining a commitment to 'justice'. From the challenges of simultaneous translation to collaborating with colleagues from different legal traditions, legal practitioners were forced to scrutinise that which normally remains assumed in domestic law. By providing an account of this process, Genocide Never Sleeps not only provides a unique insight into the exceptional nature of the ad hoc, improvised ICTR and the day-to-day practice of international criminal justice, but also holds up for fresh inspection much that is naturalised and assumed in unexceptional, domestic legal processes.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: judging the crime of crimes
• 1. 'When we walk out
• what was it all about?'
• 2. 'Watching the fish in the goldfish bowl'
• 3. 'Who the hell cares how things are done in the old country'
• 4. 'They don't say what they mean or mean what they say'
• 5. 'We are not a truth commission'
• Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Accounts of international criminal courts have tended to consist of reflections on abstract legal texts, on judgements and trial transcripts. Genocide Never Sleeps, based on ethnographic research at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), provides an alternative account, describing a messy, flawed human process in which legal practitioners faced with novel challenges sought to reconfigure long-standing habits and opinions while maintaining a commitment to 'justice'. From the challenges of simultaneous translation to collaborating with colleagues from different legal traditions, legal practitioners were forced to scrutinise that which normally remains assumed in domestic law. By providing an account of this process, Genocide Never Sleeps not only provides a unique insight into the exceptional nature of the ad hoc, improvised ICTR and the day-to-day practice of international criminal justice, but also holds up for fresh inspection much that is naturalised and assumed in unexceptional, domestic legal processes.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)