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• European states in the drafting bodies of the UDHR
• European states that were members of the UN by the time of the adoption of the UDHR
• European states that become members of the UN in the deal of 1955
• European states that became members of the UN between 1955 and 1989
• European states that become members of the UN after 1989
• The European organisations.

• Introduction: 70 years of human rights and the rule of law in Europe / Stefan Kadelbach and Rainer Hofmann
• The origins of human rights protection in the Council of Europe / Wilfried Loth
• The past and future of the European Convention of Human Rights and its protection / Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque
• A short comment / Angelika Nuflberger
• Procedural rights and Article 6 ECHR / Stefanie Schmahl
• Whither Treaty-monitoring in the Council of Europe? / Thomas Giegerich
• The Council of Europe and the rule of law : the Venice Commission / Veronika Bilkovd Authors.

The Aarhus Convention, which is open for global accession, offers powerful twin protections for the environment and human rights. It provides an effective model for ensuring public input in defining and implementing green economy programmes, in choosing the most appropriate road maps to sustainability and for increasing transparency and Government accountability, thereby putting Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development into practice and paving the way for its universal application. The Aarhus Convention Implementation Guide is therefore intended as a convenient non-legally binding and user-friendly reference tool to assist policymakers, legislators and public authorities in their daily work of implementing the Convention and of realising the provisions of Principle 10 in practice. It is also hoped that it will assist members of the public and environmental non-governmental organizations to exercise their rights under the Convention. The Implementation Guide provides both a general overview of the principles behind the Convention and a detailed article-by-article analysis of its provisions. In its analysis, the Guide draws on other international law instruments in the area of the environment and human rights, decisions adopted by the Meeting of the Parties to the Aarhus Convention, findings of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, academic writings and examples from national legislation and practice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Die Ideengeschichte des Marxismus-Lenininismus und sein Verhältnis zur Religion
• Das Staatssystem der DDR und seine Grundaussagen zum Phänomen Religion
• Deutsches "Staatskirchenrecht" im Sozialismus am Beispiel der evangelischen Landeskirchen in der DDR
• Katholische Kirche in der Volksrepublik Polen und in der DDR : Relevanz kirchlicher Verfassheit für die Widerstands fähigkeit der Kirchen gegen totalitäre Herrschaftssysteme.

• Introduction: Abortion in Europe, Present and Future by Bill Rolston and Anna Eggert
• Austria by Oskar Lehner
• Belgium by Vicky Claeys
• Britain by Madeleine Simms
• Bulgaria by Dimiter Vassilev
• Czech and Slovak Republics by Radim Uzel
• Denmark by Nell Rasmussen
• Finland by Marketta Ritamies
• France by Colette Gallard
• Germany by Sabine Klein-Schonnefeld
• Hungary by Adam Balogh and Laszlo Lampe
• Ireland by Anna Eggert and Bill Rolston
• Netherlands by Evert Ketting
• Norway by Brita Gulli
• Poland by Jolanta Plakwicz and Eleonora Zielinska
• Portugal by Duarte Vilar
• Spain by Encarna Bodelon Gonzalez
• Sweden by Katarina Lindahl
• Switzerland by Anne-Marie Rey
• USSR by Andrej Popov.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Considers the status of abortion in Europe in the 1990s. Each chapter provides an overview of abortion in the subject country, including the historical background; the current legal, medical and social situation; and the political forces for and against abortion.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Abortion in Europe, Present and Future by Bill Rolston and Anna Eggert
• Austria by Oskar Lehner
• Belgium by Vicky Claeys
• Britain by Madeleine Simms
• Bulgaria by Dimiter Vassilev
• Czech and Slovak Republics by Radim Uzel
• Denmark by Nell Rasmussen
• Finland by Marketta Ritamies
• France by Colette Gallard
• Germany by Sabine Klein-Schonnefeld
• Hungary by Adam Balogh and Laszlo Lampe
• Ireland by Anna Eggert and Bill Rolston
• Netherlands by Evert Ketting
• Norway by Brita Gulli
• Poland by Jolanta Plakwicz and Eleonora Zielinska
• Portugal by Duarte Vilar
• Spain by Encarna Bodelon Gonzalez
• Sweden by Katarina Lindahl
• Switzerland by Anne-Marie Rey
• USSR by Andrej Popov.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Considers the status of abortion in Europe in the 1990s. Each chapter provides an overview of abortion in the subject country, including the historical background; the current legal, medical and social situation; and the political forces for and against abortion.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Method and material
• 3. Initial conceptual clarifications
• 4. Origins of the requirement of proportionality
• 5. The purpose of the requirement of proportionality
• 6. Introduction: Part II
• 7. Which risks, burdens and potential benefits are relevant?
• 8. How to estimate risks, burdens, and potential benefits
• 9. The requirement of proportionality
• initial clarifications
• 10. Therapeutic research
• 11. Nontherapeutic research
• 12. Nontherapeutic research on?vulnerable? participants
• 13. Non-interference with necessary clinical interventions and the no harm rule
• 14. Especially on randomised clinical trials, including placebo controlled clinical trials
• 15. Acceptable Risks and Burdens to Others than the Participant
• 16. Later developments during the course of the research
• 17. Legal effects of the requirement of proportionality
• 18. Summary of results
• 19. Recommendations
• 20. Perspectives
• 21. Appendix.-

This book is the first major work that addresses¡a core question in biomedical research: the question of acceptable risk. The acceptable level of risks is regulated by the requirement of proportionality in biomedical research law, which state that the risk and burden to the participant must be in proportion to potential benefits to the participant, society or science. This investigation addresses research on healthy volunteers, children, vulnerable subjects, and includes placebo controlled clinical trials.¡It represents a major contribution towards clarifying the most central, but also the most controversial and complex issue in biomedical research law and bioethics. The EU Clinical Trial Directive, the Council of Europe's Oviedo Convention (and its Additional Protocol), and national regulation in member states are covered.¡It¡is a relevant work for lawyers and¡ethicists, and the¡practical approach makes¡a valuable tool for researchers and members of research ethics committees supervising biomedical research.

• Les déterminants de l'accès au juge
• La mise en œuvre procedurale de l'accès au juge.

• Foreword
• The scope
• The legal basis
• Authorities and tasks
• Documents and registers
• Access in various forms
• Public or confidential information
• Working processes and decision-making processes
• Procedures and reviews
• The varied Nordic openess
• International developments
• The purpose of the rules on access to information.

"This publication explains and compares the legal rules determining public access to documents and data in Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In addition, international rules emanating from the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union are elucidated. Free access to public records is crucial to democratic control and participation. Rules of law and legal practice concerning access and secrecy are of far-reaching significance to all sectors of society and to the relationship between citizens and the state. [This book] demonstrates that, in the five Nordic countries, right-of-access rules are very different and show no consistent pattern. A country with the best conditions in some areas may have poor conditions in others."-- Back cover.

• Outcome-related fee agreements in Europe and Hong Kong / F. Fernhout
• Vulnerable groups at the legal service market / J.T. Johnsen
• Access to justice: legal aid systems / I. Pushkarova
• Quality assessment of courts and the judiciary: from judicial quality to court excellence / P. Albers
• Efficiency in the relationship between the judge and the parties: a perspective on the future Swiss code of civil procedure / T. Domej
• Efficiency: the Holgy Grail of Belgian justice?: civil procedure in Belgium (1806-2008) / D. Heirbaut
• Access to the judiciary under the new Italian law on the judicial system: critical remarks / G. Finocchiaro
• Mediation and the concepts of accountability, accessibility, and efficiency / A. de Roo, R. Jagtenberg
• Mandatory mediation in divorce disputes: an obsolete legal practice: critical overview of the Croatian divorce system / M. Mitrović
• International commercial arbitration: what do parties and arbitrators owe to each other? / A. Keglević
• Reforming judgment enforcement in Bulgaria / S. Petkova
• The recovery of debts secured by mortgage or pledge in Slovenia / V. Rijavec.

• Introduction
• Definitions
• Access to justice in respect of which rights?
• Specialised treaties
• European Union law
• Human rights treaties
• The scope of rights of access to justice
• Treaties concerned with migrants
• European Union law
• Human rights treaties
• Treaties concerned with consular assistance
• Other relevant Council of Europe treaties
• Shortcomings and remedies
• Shortcomings in standards
• Shortcomings in practice
• Good practices and standards
• Possible action by the Council of Europe
• Conclusion

"Further to the 28th Conference of European Ministers of Justice (Lanzarote, Spain, 25-26 October 2007), the Council of Europe has continued working on access to justice for migrants and asylum seekers. This publication contains an assessment of the situation faced by this vulnerable category of persons in accessing justice. It deals in particular with the identification of measures - both existing and new - for facilitating and ensuring such access for these people."--Back cover

• Introduction
• Definitions
• Access to justice in respect of which rights?
• Specialised treaties
• European Union law
• Human rights treaties
• The scope of rights of access to justice
• Treaties concerned with migrants
• European Union law
• Human rights treaties
• Treaties concerned with consular assistance
• Other relevant Council of Europe treaties
• Shortcomings and remedies
• Shortcomings in standards
• Shortcomings in practice
• Good practices and standards
• Possible action by the Council of Europe
• Conclusion

"Further to the 28th Conference of European Ministers of Justice (Lanzarote, Spain, 25-26 October 2007), the Council of Europe has continued working on access to justice for migrants and asylum seekers. This publication contains an assessment of the situation faced by this vulnerable category of persons in accessing justice. It deals in particular with the identification of measures - both existing and new - for facilitating and ensuring such access for these people"-- Back cover