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• Introduction Part I. Toward the Erotetic View
• 2. The Knowledge of What Things Are: Possible Views2.1 The Knowledge of What Things are as Simple Propositional Knowledge2.2 The Knowledge of What Things Are as Practical Knowledge2.3 The Knowledge of What Things are as Knowledge by Acquaintance
• 3. Questions and Answers: Understanding Knowledge-Wh3.1 Knowledge-Wh: The Standard Account3
• .2. Knowledge-Wh and Inquiry-Based Epistemology3.3 Knowledge-Wh and Context-Sensitivity3.4 Is Knowledge-Wh Context-Sensitive?Concluding Remarks
• 4. The Erotetic View4.1 Introducing the View4.2 Skepticism and Holism4.3 Water and H2O: The Question of Necessary Identities4.4 The Threat of Excessive Intellectualism 4.5 A Brief Clash of ViewsConcluding Remarks Part II. Developing the Erotetic Vie
• w5. The Gradability of the Knowledge of What Things Are5.1 The Phenomenon of GradabilityConcluding Remarks
• 6. Social Kinds, the Erotetic View and Erotetic Amelioration6.1 The Knowledge of What Social Kinds Are6.2 Amelioration: Conceptual and Erotetic6.3 The Topic Preservation Challenge6.4 The Knowledge of What Strongly Social Kinds Are and Erotetic AmeliorationConcluding Remarks
• 7. The Knowledge of What Things Are: Ignorance and Obligations7.1 Understanding Ignorance of What Things Are7.2 Culpable Ignorance of What Things Are 7.3 Social Roles and Obligations to Know What Things Are7.4 Associativism and Knowing What Things Are7.5 Distributive Epistemic Injustice and the Knowledge of What Things AreConcluding Remarks Appendix A. Having Concepts and Knowing What Things Ar
• e1. A Psychological View of Concept
• s2. A Philosophical View of Concepts Appendix B. Incomplete Understanding of Concepts and the Gradability of the Knowledge of What Things Are Appendix C. The Knowledge of What Particular Things Are.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides an account of what is to know what things are, focusing on kinds, both natural (such as water) and social (such as marriage). It brings tools from an area that has received much attention in recent years, the epistemology of inquiry. The knowledge of what things are is to be understood as resulting from successful inquiries directed at questions of the form 'What is x?', where x stands for a given kind of thing. The book also addresses knowledge-wh in general (which includes knowledge-who and knowledge-where), as well as the phenomenon of ignorance regarding what things are and our obligations in respect to knowing what things are. It also brings to light new avenues of research for those interested in the relation between the knowledge of what things are and concept possession and amelioration. 'Knowing What Things Are' should be of interest to researchers in Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind, Social Philosophy and Linguistics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction IDEALISM AND SOCIAL THOUGHT THE RATIONAL AND THE SOCIAL Kant and the Origins of Social Science Hegel's Concept of Rational Life Speculative Thought and Modernity THE STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF TRUTH Structure, Functions and Systems Marx's Critique of Capital The Powers of Totality THE IDEALISM OF AUTONOMY Weber and the Concept of Social Action Habermas and the Ethics of Communication POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE VIOLENCE OF TRUTH Foucault and the Modern Domains of Power Lyotard and the Community of Judgement Violence, Rationality and Community TRUTH AND MODERNITY Marx and Weber Utopic and Dystopic Ends Community, Modernity and Speculative Judgement Hegel, Derrida and the Metaphysics of Race Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This exciting and accessible guide to the discussions of truth in the social sciences can also be read as an account of the collapse of modernity, and the rise of new forms of thought which treat difference and ambivalence as positive values. Ross Abbinnett traces the debate on truth from the 'objectifying powers' of Kant through more than 200 years of critique and reformulation to the unravelling of truth by Lyotard, Foucault and Derrida.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The most thrilling and challenging intellectual issues of humanity -- whether and how a consistent account of reality can be obtained, which field of knowledge is capable to deal with the whole of reality and its formal representation, and how powerful intelligent machines can be brought into existence -- are research areas demanding innovative and comprehensive study.Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems: Toward the Intelligent World provides cutting-edge research on reality, its nature and fundamental structure, and how it may be effectively represented both by human minds and intelligent machines[striving to describe a standard world model and universal formal ontology; uniformly organized human knowledge; powerful reasoning systems; and secure communication interoperability between two species of intelligences: existing human beings and nascent computing reasoning systems promising the profound revolution in human values and ways of life.
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• Preface
• 1. Two Concepts of Cause
• 2. Agency and Responsibility
• 3. Where the Buck Stops and Why
• 4. Extra Credit and Discredit
• 5. Healing Sick Souls
• 6. The Myth of Mental Science
• 7. Youth and Other Excuses
• 8. Wittgenstein's Challenge
• 9. The Challenge of Artificial Intelligence
• 10. Keeping Mind and Body Together Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

While the ancients described the world as a single organism and the medieval view was theological in nature, modern thought has envisioned the world as a mechanism composed of smaller mechanisms. Raziel Abelson argues that this mechanistic explanation, when applied to human action, is dangerous because it 'threatens us with a kind of spiritual annihilation [and] it undermines our belief in freedom of the will and with it the reality of choice, value, and moral responsibility. In "Lawless Mind", he presents a theory about the relationship between mind and body in order to show how voluntary actions can be causally explained while still allowing for free will. Abelson attempts to reconcile the centuries-old debate between determinists and free-willers by making a distinction between two kinds of causality. 'The impact of this [mechanistic] view on psychology, ethics, and politics is such as to replace moral judgment with the search for causal mechanisms. In psychology it results in reducing moral wisdom to medical therapy, in politics it reduces statesmanship to game theory and rational persuasion to behavioral modification, and in ethics it reduces moral responsibility to social conformity. If we are all programmed automata, as mechanism suggests, then the way to improve our performances is to hire a mechanic of the mind to tinker with our wiring. Is this the way to think about ourselves? I shall try to show that it is not'. Abelson's novel theory of mind and psychological causality provides solutions for problems in metaphysics, ethics, psychology, and the social sciences. The issues addressed include free will and responsibility, mind-body interaction, models of psychotherapy, causal explanations in sociology, and the difference between minds and computers. Raziel Abelson is Professor of Philosophy at New York University and author of "Persons: A Study of Philosophical Psychology".
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On space and time, and on its history and philosophy