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• The rise of biometric identification, fingerprints and applied ethics
• Facial recognition and privacy rights
• DNA identification, joint rights and collective responsibility
• Biometric and non-biometric integration : dual use dilemmas
• The future of biometrics and liberal democracy.

"This book is open access. This book undertakes a multifaceted and integrated examination of biometric identification, including the current state of the technology, how it is being used, the key ethical issues, and the implications for law and regulation. The five chapters examine the main forms of contemporary biometrics--fingerprint recognition, facial recognition and DNA identification--as well the integration of biometric data with other forms of personal data, analyses key ethical concepts in play, including privacy, individual autonomy, collective responsibility, and joint ownership rights, and proposes a raft of principles to guide the regulation of biometrics in liberal democracies. Biometric identification technology is developing rapidly and being implemented more widely, along with other forms of information technology. As products, services and communication moves online, digital identity and security is becoming more important. Biometric identification facilitates this transition. Citizens now use biometrics to access a smartphone or obtain a passport; law enforcement agencies use biometrics in association with CCTV to identify a terrorist in a crowd, or identify a suspect via their fingerprints or DNA; and companies use biometrics to identify their customers and employees. In some cases the use of biometrics is governed by law, in others the technology has developed and been implemented so quickly that, perhaps because it has been viewed as a valuable security enhancement, laws regulating its use have often not been updated to reflect new applications. However, the technology associated with biometrics raises significant ethical problems, including in relation to individual privacy, ownership of biometric data, dual use and, more generally, as is illustrated by the increasing use of biometrics in authoritarian states such as China, the potential for unregulated biometrics to undermine fundamental principles of liberal democracy. Resolving these ethical problems is a vital step towards more effective regulation"-- Provided by publisher.

• 1. Energy and power
• 1.1. Energy
• 1.2. Power--single phase
• 1.3. Three-phase power
• 1.4. Summary

• 2. Magnetic circuits
• 2.1. Rectangular core magnetic circuit
• 2.2. Magnetic circuits with small air gap
• 2.3. Three-legged core
• 2.4. Properties of magnetic materials

• 3. Single phase transformers
• 3.1. Single-phase two-winding transformer
• 3.2. The ideal transformer
• 3.3. The real transformer
• 3.4. Transformer ratings
• 3.5. Determining equivalent circuit parameters by test
• 3.6. Power transformer thermal model
• 3.7. Frequency response of signal transformers

• 4. Three-phase transformer banks
• 4.1. Three-phase transformer cores
• 4.2. Three-phase transformer windings
• 4.3. Wye-wye transformers
• 4.4. Delta-wye transformers
• 4.5. Delta-delta transformers
• 4.6. Per-phase analysis of three-phase transformers

• 5. Rotating AC machine basics
• 5.1. The two-pole one-phase machine
• 5.2. Machines with higher pole numbers
• 5.3. Three-phase machines
• 5.4. Stator current and flux
• 5.5. Synchronous-generator per-phase equivalent circuit
• 5.6. Mechanical power and torque--generator convention
• 5.7. Distributed windings and salient pole designs
• 5.8. Salient pole machines
• 5.9. Summary

• 6. Synchronous generator performance
• 6.1. Synchronous generators
• 6.2. Determining synchronous machine parameters by test
• 6.3. Synchronous generator operation
• 6.4. Grid connected operation

• 7. Induction machines
• 7.1. Overview
• 7.2. Theory
• 7.3. Stator and rotor rotating flux waves
• 7.4. Torque and power
• 7.5. Squirrel cage machines
• 7.6. Induction motor operation
• 7.7. Squirrel cage motor performance
• 7.8. Direct connection motor starting
• 7.9. Induction generator

• 8. Power electronic converters and speed control of AC machines
• 8.1. Pulse width modulated converters : the full bridge converter
• 8.2. Three-phase PWM converter
• 8.3. Converter connected synchronous machines
• 8.4. The ideal DC drive
• 8.5. Variable speed control of round-rotor permanent-magnet synchronous motors
• 8.6. Variable-speed induction motor drives
• 8.7. AC motor drive performance and control

• 9. Grid-connected photovoltaic farms
• 9.1. Photovoltaic cell basics
• 9.2. Photovoltaic modules
• 9.3. Solar insolation
• 9.4. PV arrays
• 9.5. PV farm performance
• 9.6. PV farm capacity factor
• 9.7. Summary.

Electromechanical Machinery Theory and Performance presents a detailed explanation of electromagnetic machines, giving specific focus on transformers and AC rotating machines that can be used in the generation, transmission and utilization preservation and transference of electrical energy and power. This book is developed for students at both graduate and undergraduate level, and can be used by practicing engineers as well. Electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from the mechanical process or used to power mechanical motors. Electrical engineering, in this context, also encompasses electronics engineering.

• 1. Historical overview and digital transmission technologies in data centre networking
• 1.1. Digital optical communications and transmission systems : historical overview
• 1.2. Digital optical transmission in evolving networking
• 1.3. Photonic signal processing
• 1.4. Modulation techniques for ultra-broadband
• 1.5. Opto-electronic reception and processing
• 1.6. 100G PDM-QPSK 25GE performance
• 1.7. Data pulse shaping and DWDM
• 1.8. Organization of the chapters

• 2. Data centre networking
• 2.1. Evolution of DCN and traditional telecom networks
• 2.2. Telecom carriers and challenges from data center networking
• 2.3. Exabits s-1 integrated photonic interconnection technology for flexible data-centric optical networks
• 2.4. Concluding remarks

• 3. Access and DC networking transmission technologies
• 3.1. Introductory remarks
• 3.2. DSP-based coherent optical transmission systems
• 3.3. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
• 3.4. Optical pre-processing reception and transmitter
• 3.5. 16-QAM systems
• 3.6. Tera-bits/s superchannel transmission systems
• 3.7. Timing recovery in the Nyquist QAM channel
• 3.8. 128 Gb s-1 16-QAM superchannel transmission
• 3.9. 450 Gb s-1 32-QAM Nyquist transmission systems
• 3.10. DSP-based heterodyne coherent reception systems
• 3.11. Remarks
• 3.12. PAM4-IM/DD systems
• 3.13. Beyond 100G low-cost PAM-4 systems for last mile access
• 3.14. Discrete multi-tone transmission DD-OFDM systems
• 3.15. Higher-order modulation in IM/DD systems
• 3.16. Intra-DC networking and access transmission
• 3.17. Concluding remarks
• 3.18. Appendix A : Principles of DSP-based coherent transmission
• 3.19. Appendix B : Balanced detection in coherent receivers

• 4. Super-channel transmission by multi-carrier sources
• 4.1. Introduction
• 4.2. Comb generation of multi-sub-carriers
• 4.3. Dual-band frequency shifting recirculating comb generator
• 4.4. Comb generator in multi-Tbps optical transmission system
• 4.5. Multi Tera-bits s-1 optical access transport technology
• 4.6. Low cost 1.6 Tbps by un-cooled comb sources
• 4.7. Concluding remarks

• 5. Photonic signal processors
• 5.1. Optical transformed channels and transmission : spectral domain processing
• 5.2. Photonic signal processors
• 5.3. 5G optical transport networking : from photonic devices to processors

• 6. All-optical routing and switching for DC networking
• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Optical MEMS, WSS and routing in optical domain
• 6.3. Optical routing for DCI and DCN
• 6.4. Non-reconfigurable OADM (optical add-drop multiplexer)
• 6.5. Space NEWS-ROADM photonic routing node
• 6.6. Concluding remarks
• 6.7. Appendix : Fabrication processes of typical optical MEMS
• 6.8. Appendix : Form factors modules in DCN
• 6.9. DCO (digital coherent optics) for DC interconnection and networking
• 6.10. Optical module requirements for DCI
• 6.11. Appendix : OSNR and measurement in ROADM optical networks

• 7. Power-limited (quantum) and bandwidth-limited (ultra-high-capacity) network transmission
• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Shannon 'channel' and bit rate
• 7.3. Multi-tera bits s-1 transmission
• 7.4. Quantum key distribution
• 7.5. Remarks
• Appendix A. Technical data of single-mode optical fibers
• Appendix B. A coherent balanced receiver and method for noise suppression
• Appendix C. Power budget.

Data centres are at the core of modern information networking due to the demands of mobile devices. This second edition offers insights into transport technology for data centers and the principal techniques for modern communication transmission of ultra-wideband channels. The book introduces digital transmission technologies and data center networking, progressing to discussions on access and DC networking transmission technologies and super-channel transmission by multi-carrier sources, before concluding with a chapter on photonic signal processors. Revised and expanded as a second edition, this book provides a full update as well as the inclusion of all-optical routing, particularly all-optical networks and all-optical transmission. Part of IOP Series in Advances in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics.

• 1. Motivation
• 1.1. PIN-photodiode and APD receivers
• 1.2. SPAD receivers
• 1.3. Quantum image sensors
• 1.4. The principle of ultra-sensitive PIN and avalanche photodiode receivers

• 2. Basics of photodiodes
• 2.1. Optical absorption and photogeneration
• 2.2. Drift and diffusion
• 2.3. Width of space-charge region and capacitance
• 2.4. Impact ionisation
• 2.5. Breakdown voltage

• 3. Basics of noise and sensitivity
• 3.1. Thermal noise
• 3.2. Shot noise
• 3.3. 1/f noise
• 3.4. Noise in field-effect transistors
• 3.5. Noise of PIN-FET receiver
• 3.6. Sensitivity
• 3.7. TIA noise
• 3.8. Noise bandwidth
• 3.9. Noise of integrator
• 3.10. Excess noise of APDs
• 3.11. Photon noise
• 3.12. Reset noise

• 4. Basics of optical receivers
• 4.1. Resistive-feedback transimpedance amplifiers
• 4.2. Current amplifiers
• 4.3. Integrating optical receivers

• 5. Low-capacitance photodiodes
• 5.1. PIN photodiodes--a predictive insight
• 5.2. PIN photodiodes in 0.18 [mu]m CMOS
• 5.3. Avalanche photodiodes
• 5.4. Multi-dot photodiodes for large photosensitive areas
• 5.5. Isolation of circuits

• 6. Ultra-sensitive PIN photodiode receivers
• 6.1. Inverter integrator in 0.35 [mu]m CMOS
• 6.2. Integrator with common-source amplifier in 0.35 [mu]m CMOS
• 6.3. Inverter integrator in 0.18 [mu]m CMOS
• 6.4. Integrator with common-source amplifier in 0.18 [mu]m CMOS
• 6.5. Reset-less integrating receiver
• 6.6. Reset-less integrating receiver with punch-through device

• 7. Ultra-sensitive avalanche photodiode receivers
• 7.1. Three-inverter TIA with resistive feedback
• 7.2. Three-inverter TIA with negative capacitance and resistive feedback
• 7.3. Integrating APD receivers

• 8. Summary and completion
• 8.1. Recapitulation
• 8.2. Comparison.

This book focuses on ultra-sensitive PIN and avalanche photodiode receiver (USPAR) ICs for data communication. After more than 20 years of exploitation of the pin-photodiode CMOS technology leading to efficient APD and SPAD receivers and sensors, this book describes how ultra-sensitive PIN photodiode receivers close the loop back to PIN photodiode ICs. In contrast to conventional optical receivers, which are based on resistive-feedback transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs), the book uses charge integration on small photodiodes with a low capacitance known from image sensors to reduce the noise considerably -- even better sensitivity than with SPAD receivers is achieved. To obtain a much larger light sensitive area as in pixels of image sensors, innovative low-capacitance pin-finger and dot photodiodes are introduced. Important advantages of USPAR ICs are much lower circuit complexity, much smaller chip area and much lower power consumption as of SPAD receivers. In addition, error correction can be avoided. Detailed investigations of photodetectors and integrating amplifiers with many surprises and astonishing results of newest research will be described. Part of IPEM-IOP Series in Advances in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics.

• THz wave generation via laser-produced ionization
• The basic of broadband terahertz wave generation from liquids
• Plasma generation in liquid water under intense laser irradiation
• Plasma-based THz waves generation in liquids
• Giant nonlinearity of liquids in the THz frequency range
• Spatio-temporal control of intense laser-induced THz/X-ray emission from water
• Terahertz wave generation from water lines
• Terahertz wave generation from unique liquids
• Ultrafast dynamics in liquids excited by intense terahertz waves
• Liquid-based coherent detection of broadband terahertz pulses.

• Big Data Challenges in Power Systems
• Challenges and Opportunities in Utility Data
• Wholesale Markets Data Deluge
• Distribution System Data Operation
• Synchrophasor Data Analytics
• Smart Meter and its Implications
• Deep Learning in Power Markets
• Data-driven Planning in Electric Energy Systems
• Common Information Model for Unifying Data Sets
• Inference and Business for Aggregators Non-intrusive Load Monitoring
• Utility Business Model in the Era of Big Data
• Data Security Services for Utilities.

This book offers a comprehensive collection of research articles that utilize datain particular large data setsin modern power systems operation and planning. As the power industry moves towards actively utilizing distributed resources with advanced technologies and incentives, it is becoming increasingly important to benefit from the available heterogeneous data sets for improved decision-making. The authors present a first-of-its-kind comprehensive review of big data opportunities and challenges in the smart grid industry. This book provides succinct and useful theory, practical algorithms, and case studies to improve power grid operations and planning utilizing big data, making it a useful graduate-level reference for students, faculty, and practitioners on the future grid. Presents a comprehensive review of data sciences for the power industry; Contains state-of-the-art research articles; Provides practical algorithms and case studies.

"Substantially expanded and updated, the new edition of this classic provides unrivaled coverage of the fundamentals of power electronics. Unique in its breadth and depth, this is the definitive guide to power electronics for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and practicing electrical engineers"-- Provided by publisher.

With almost 70% of its electricity generation coming from nuclear power, France ranks as the most "nuclearized" country in the world. Setting out to understand the ramifications of this dependency, Esther Hoffenberg traveled to Normandy, the epicenter of France's nuclear power generation and the site of the La Hague plant.

"This book examines the development of nuclear propulsion in the Royal Navy from the first proposal in 1946 to the start-up of the last core improvement for the first submarine reactor power plant PWR 1 in December 1974. Drawing from unreleased records and archives, the book answers questions around three main themes. Political: what problems were encountered in transferring nuclear knowledge from the USA to the UK in the post-war period, and how much support was there for the development of nuclear propulsion? Military: why was there a requirement to develop nuclear propulsion, and in particular, why submarines? Technical: were the problems associated with nuclear energy fully appreciated, and did the UK have the technical and engineering capability to develop nuclear propulsion? Aside from the political considerations and military motives for developing nuclear propulsion in the Royal Navy, the author focuses on the technical problems that had to be overcome by all participants in the Royal Navy's development of nuclear propulsion, adding significantly to naval historiography. Providing a critical analysis of the political, technological, operational and industrial issues of introducing nuclear propulsion into the Royal Navy, the author situates his research in the context of the evolving Cold War, changing Anglo-American relations, the end of Empire and the relative decline of British power." -- Provided by publisher.