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• Un déclin français
• L'envers du décor
• Après la phalange héroïque
• Une nouvelle direction
• Un institut privé au cœur de la santé publique
• Un miroir allemand
• La grande misère des laboratoires
• Un ministère de la Santé "mi-ignoré, mi-méprisé"
• Obligations vaccinales
• Mobilisation scientifique et débâcle
• "On produit à l'heure actuelle à Paris plus d'une tonne de toxine tétanique parsemaine"
• Une crise de direction persistante
• "Je fais ce que je peux pour continuer les expériences"
• "L'armée allemande a d'ailleurs recours à nos services"
• Un duo réformateur
• Un nouveau conseil d'administration
• Réorganisation et rationalisation
• "Les gens ne paraissent pas comprendre l'importance et la grandeur du gentil Hitler"
• L'Institut Pasteur et l'État français
• La politique scientifique de Vichy
• Lutter contre les "maladies sociales"
• Menace de nationalisation ?
• Face à l'antisémitisme d'État
• Sollicitations allemandes
• Manœuvres dilatoires
• Sur ordre du gouvernement
• Face à la flambée de diphtérie
• Une production mal organisée
• Hécatombe de cavalerie
• Menaces sur la santé publique
• Enrôlé sur le front du typhus
• Vaccins concurrents
• "Il faut révéler et isoler le Juif comme vecteur de la maladie"
• Les commandes allemandes
• Un nouveau service
• Réquisition du château de Laroche-Beaulieu
• Coopération scientifique et technique avec le Reich
• Un institut résistant ?
• Renseignement, propagande ou maquis
• René Panthier : trajectoire d'un biologiste dans la Résistance
• Le dépôt pharmaceutique central des FFI
• Un bastion ?
• Une direction complice
• Tragiques échecs
• Épuration et boucs émissaires
• Un vide juridique
• Une procédure sommaire
• Les sanctions du conseil d'administration
• Les non-lieux
• Les raisons de l'éviction de Ramon
• L'ombre du typhus et de Buchenwald
• La lumière de la pénicilline
• Une production scientifique maintenue
• De la rente aux revenus.

"Dès les premiers temps de l'Occupation, l'Institut Pasteur est identifié par les représentants du Reich comme acteur stratégique du conflit. La centaine de chercheurs qui y travaillent sont les seuls capables de produire les millions de doses de vaccins permettant de protéger les populations contre les épidémies comme celle de la diphtérie. Ils sont également au fait des dernières avancées scientifiques en matière de guerre bactériologique. Dans ces circonstances exceptionnelles, les savants sont mis face à leurs responsabilités : ralentissement délibéré des livraisons aux troupes allemandes, engagement de 15 % des pasteuriens dans la Résistance, stockage de médicaments destinés aux combattants de l'ombre... mais aussi accueil de médecins SS qui utiliseront leurs recherches sur le vaccin contre le typhus pour les essais pseudo-médicaux menés dans l'enfer de Buchenwald. Ce livre, le premier consacré à une institution scientifique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dissèque avec finesse les dilemmes, les sacrifices et les compromissions des membres du plus célèbre établissement de recherche français."--Page 4 of cover.

• Introduction: invisible allies
• Part 1. First phages
• 1. Something in the water
• 2. A microbe of a microbe
• 3. The great phase feud
• Part 2. Forgotten phages
• 4. Stalin's medicine
• 5. Phages versus the Nazis
• 6. Parallel universes
• Part 3. Phage fever
• 7. Coming in from the cold
• 8. Keeping the faith
• 9. Phages to the rescue
• 10. Desperation grows
• 11. The third age of phage?
• Part 4. Fundamental phages
• 12. Atoms of biology
• 13. Planet phage
• 14. An ancient technology
• 15. Find your own phage
• Part 5. Future phages
• 16. Phage therapy 2.0
• 17. The grey goo
• Epilogue: a new view of life
• A field guide to phages.

"The untold story of the most abundant form of life on Earth, bacteriophages, and how they play a crucial role in our lives, our health and the health of our planet. Not all viruses are out to get us - in fact, the viruses that do us harm are vastly outnumbered by viruses that can actually save lives. At every moment, within your body and all around you, trillions of microscopic combatants are fighting an invisible war. Countless times per second, 'good' viruses known as phages are infecting and destroying bacteria. These phages are the most abundant life form on the planet and have an incredible power to heal rather than harm. So why have most of us never even heard of them? The Good Virus reveals how personalities, power and politics have repeatedly crashed together to hinder our understanding of these weird and wonderful life forms. We explore why Stalin's Soviet Union embraced using phages to fight disease but the rest of the world shunned the idea. We find out why scientists only recently realised phages are central to all ecosystems on Earth. And we meet the often eccentric phage heroes who have shaped the strange history of this field and are unlocking its exciting future. Faced with the threat of antibiotic-resistance, we need phages now more than ever. The Good Virus celebrates what phages could do for us and our planet if they are at last given the attention they deserve."--Publisher's description.

• Sargasso Sea Surprise
• Planet Microbe
• The Oceans Genome Goes Meta
• Halifax to the Galapagos
• French Polynesia to Fort Lauderdale
• Questing Distant Seas (Further Explorations)
• A Peek into Near-Infinity
• More Microbes than Stars
• A Microbial "Inconvenient Truth"
• Thinking Bigger about Small

Viruses are everywhere, and as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, cannot be ignored. From their discovery to the unravelling of their intricate structures, this book provides a rounded and concise account of the nature of viruses, how they attack their hosts, and the efforts to control them

From modern pandemics such as HIV, swine flu and SARS, to stories of vaccination and antiviral drugs, this book charts man's struggle against viruses. Outlining their origins structure, and method of infection, Dorothy Crawford explores the vast variety of viruses, asking if we can live in harmony with them in the future

• Intro
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1
• Biochemistry and Microbial Physiology
• Chapter 2
• Environmental Microbiology
• Chapter 3
• General Microbiology and Cell Biology
• Chapter 4
• Immunology and Medical Microbiology
• Chapter 5
• Industrial Microbiology
• Chapter 6
• Microbial Genetics
• Chapter 7
• Mycology
• References
• Author Contact Information
• Index
• Blank Page
• Blank Page

"This book contains over 1200 multiple choice questions based on biochemistry, environmental microbiology, microbial genetics, general microbiology, cell biology, industrial microbiology, immunology and mycology. As most modern evaluations in science are based on multiple choice questions, this book provides a valuable resource for those studying microbiology and related fields"-- Provided by publisher.

• Understanding the unseen majority around us: an overview of microbiological technologies
• Prokaryotic genome sequencing and assembly
• Genome-wide variant discovery using sequence assembly, mapping and population-wide analysis
• Prokaryotic genome annotation
• Comparative analysis of microbial pathogen genomes to study unique gene families
• Microbial community profiling: current approaches and future trends
• Metagenomics and microbiomes
• Human microbiome analysis via the 16s rRNA gene
• Phylogenetic microarrays
• Genetic barcoding of bacteria and its microbiology and biotechnology applications.

The rapid advancement of sequencing techniques, coupled with the new methodologies of bioinformatics to handle large-scale data analysis, are providing exciting opportunities to understand microbial communities from a variety of environments, beyond previous imagination. This book provides invaluable, up-to-date, and detailed information on various aspects of bioinformatics data analysis with applications to microbiology. It describes a number of different useful bioinformatics tools, makes links to some wet-lab techniques, and explains different approaches to tackle a problem. It also talks a.

• 1: Genomic Taxonomy and Biodiversity of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex
• 2: Comparative Genomics in the Genus Burkholderia
• 3: Molecular epidemiology and population structure of clinically relevant Burkholderia species
• 4: Comparative transcriptomics in Burkholderia
• 5: Burkholderia Proteomics: methodologies, challenges and applications
• 6: Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
• 7: Molecular Mechanisms of Burkholderia cepacia complex intracellular survival in phagocytic cells
• 8: The phytopathogenic Burkholderia
• 9: Molecular Basis for Antibiotic Resistance in the Genus Burkholderia
• 10: Cell-to-cell Communication and Biofilm Formation of Members of the Genus Burkholderia
• 11: Genomics of Burkholderia phages.

In this book leading international investigators review key advances in Burkholderia research to provide timely overview. The topics covered include: genomic taxonomy and biodiversity, comparative genomics, molecular epidemiology, transcriptomics, proteomics, molecular pathogenesis of virulence in B. mallei/B. pseudomallei and the Burkholderia cepacia complex, molecular basis of phytopathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, signalling and biofilms, and the genomic biology of Burkholderia phages. The theme underpinning each chapter is the use of DNA/protein sequence data and post-genomic techno.

• Current books of interest; Contributors; Foreword; Preface; Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution;
• 1: A Candidate Hopeful Monster in the Genus Campylobacter; Introduction; Hybridization by horizontal gene transfer;
• 2: Learning About Recombination in Campylobacter; Introduction; Estimating recombination from population data; Estimating recombination from closely related isolates; Discussion;
• 3: Within-host Evolution of Campylobacter jejuni; Introduction; Phenotypic changes of Campylobacter jejuni after host passage; Genotypic changes of Campylobacter jejuni during host passage; Conclusions

• Future studie
• s4: Concerted Evolution in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Concerted evolution; Duplicated genes in Campylobacter; Unresolved questions;
• 5: Genome and Transcriptome Evolution in the Genus Campylobacter; Introduction; Characteristics of Campylobacter genome sequences; Transcriptome evolution in the genus Campylobacter; Conclusions;
• 6: Repetitive DNA: A Major Source of Genetic Diversity in Campylobacter Populations?; Introduction; Types, prevalence and mutability of SSRs in Campylobacter genomes; Variation in SSRs has functionally important phenotypic effects

• Combinatorial consequences of multiple phase-variable genesInfluence of mutational, selective and population forces on the diversity of phase-variable genotypes; Modelling phase-variable genes and selection for mutational rates; Experimental issues connected with phase variation; Summary; Future perspectives; Part II: Adaptations to Host Colonization;
• 7: Campylobacter Strategies for Colonizing the Host Gastrointestinal Tract; Introduction; Carbon sources utilized by Campylobacter to support growth in vivo; Mucins and the mucous layer; Conclusions and future trends

• 8: The Intricate Relationship Between Campylobacter and MucusThe stucture and function of intestinal mucus; The ecology of C. jejuni in intestinal mucus; Mucus as a source of glycans; Campylobacter jejuni commensalism in chickens; Conclusions and future directions;
• 9: Campylobacter Association with the Human Host; Introduction; Adhesion, invasion and translocation; Bacterial factors influencing adhesion and invasion of C. jejuni; Do all campylobacters invade to the same extent?; Conclusion;
• 10: Siderophore-mediated Iron Acquisition for Campylobacter Infection; Introduction

• Iron sources in the intestine: an ecological viewEnterobactin-mediated iron acquisition; Salmochelin-mediated iron acquisition; Hydroxamate siderophore-mediated iron acquisition; Conclusion and future directions;
• 11: Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Campylobacter jejuni Survival Under Oxidative Stress Conditions; The C. jejuni survival conundrum; Oxidative stress overview; C. jejuni mechanisms for countering oxidative stress; Oxidative stress regulation in C. jejuni; Discussion and future perspectives;
• 12: Oxidative Stress Survival During Campylobacter Transmission and Infection

In this book, internationally recognised experts critically review and provide novel insights into important aspects Campylobacter research. The book is divided into four sections: Mechanisms of evolution; Adaptations to host colonisation; Molecular epidemiology; and Ecology in poultry. The topics covered range from the mechanisms of evolution through the processes of host colonisation and within host adaptation, and epidemiology to considerations of their broader biochemical and ecological properties. An important resource summarising our current knowledge of Campylobacter ecology and evoluti.

• A brief history of cyanobacterial research: past, present, and future prospects / Donald A. Bryant
• Cell division in cyanobacteria / Corinne Cassier-Chauvat and Franck Chauvat
• The cell envelope / Alexander Hahn and Enrico Schleiff
• Proteomics in revealing the composition, acclimation and biogenesis of thylakoid membranes / Natalia Battchikova and Eva-Mari Aro
• Protein targeting, transport and translocation in cyanobacteria / Dirk Schneider
• Chromatic acclimation: a many-coloured mechanism for maximizing photosynthetic light harvesting efficiency / Adam N. Bussell and David M. Kehoe
• The carboxysome: function, structure and cellular dynamics / Jeffrey C. Cameron, Markus Sutter and Cheryl A. Kerfeld
• Glycogen: a dynamic cellular sink and reservoir for carbon / Yvonne Zilliges
• Cyanophycin: a cellular nitrogen reserve material / Antonia Herrero and Mireia Burnat
• Gas vesicles / Judith Herzfeld
• Motility in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria / Bianca Brahamsha and Devaki Bhaya
• Cellular differentiation in filamentous cyanobacteria / Iris Maldener, Michael L. Summers and Assaf Sukenik
• Cell-cell joining proteins in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria / Vicente Mariscal.

The cyanobacteria are a fascinating group of bacteria that have adapted to colonize almost every environment on the planet. They are the only prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, responsible for up to 20-30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity. They can attune their light-harvesting systems to changes in available light conditions, fix nitrogen, and have circadian rhythms. In addition, many cyanobacteria species exhibit gliding mobility and can differentiate into specialized cell types called heterocysts, and some are symbiotic. Thanks to their simple nutritional requirements, th.

• FOREWORD ; PREFACE ; List of Contributors ; Introduction ; INTRODUCTION; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; REFERENCES; Bacteriophages as Antibacterial Agents: Why are We Facing an Antibiotic Crisis and How Could Bacteriophages be of Help? ;
• 1. INTRODUCTION;
• 2. WHY ARE WE FACING AN ANTIBIOTIC (AB) CRISIS? ;
• 3. HOW TO RESOLVE THIS ANTIBIOTIC CRISIS? ;
• 4. BACTERIOPHAGES OR IN SHORT 'PHAGES';
• 5. BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY OR PHAGE THERAPY;
• 6. EXPERIMENTAL PHAGE THERAPY;
• 7. SAFETY ISSUES;
• 8. IN FACT WE LIVE IN AN "OCEAN" OF BACTERIOPHAGES;
• 9. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR PHAGE THERAPY.

• 10. THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF PHAGE THERAPY VERSUS ANTIBIOTICS11. PHAGE THERAPY IN PUBLIC HEALTH; 12. WHY PHAGE THERAPY IS NOT YET IMPLEMENTED?; CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; REFERENCES; Antimicrobial Peptides ; INTRODUCTION; 1. WHAT ARE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES (AMPS); 1.1. Mode of Action; 1.2. Immune System; 1.3. Resistance; 2. CHRONOLOGY OF AMPS DISCOVERY
• A BRIEF HISTORY; 2.1. Classification of AMPs; 2.1.1. Biological Source; 2.1.2. Biological Functions; 2.1.3. Biosynthesis; 2.1.4. Molecular Properties; 2.1.5. Molecular Targets.

• 2.1
• .6. Three-Dimensional (3D) Structure2
• .2. Currently Active AMPs Databases;
• 3. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF AMPS; 3
• .1. Anticancer AMPs; 3
• .2. Antiviral AMPs; 3
• .3. Anti-parasitic AMPs; 3
• .4. New Generation of AMPs; CONCLUDING REMARKS; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; REFERENCES; Probiotics: Ways of Action and Beneficial Effects ;
• 1. INTRODUCTION;
• 2. SELECTION OF PROBIOTICS;
• 3. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT PROBIOTICS;
• 4. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PROBIOTICS; 4
• .1. Immunomodulation; 4
• .2. Direct Effects on Other Microorganisms;
• 5. BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS.

• 5
• .1. Alleviation of Lactose Intolerance5
• .2. Effect on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication ; 5
• .3. Anti-carcinogenic Effect; 5
• .4. Cholesterol-lowering Effects; 5
• .5. Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis; 5
• .6. Inflammatory Diseases and Bowel Syndromes ; CONCLUSION; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; REFERENCES; Immunotherapy ;
• 1. BACTERIAL INFECTIVITY, IMMUNE RESPONSE AND MULTIRESISTANT INFECTIONS : NEW PERSPECTIVES; 1
• .1. Introduction; 1
• .2. Host Resistance; 1
• .3. Bacterial Strategies for Evading, Surviving Host Defense Systems and Create Infection;
• 2. IMMUNOTHERAPY; 2
• .1. Introduction.

• 2
• .2. Applications of Immunotherapy2
• .3. Passive Immunotherapy; 2
• .4. Passive Immunotherapy: Antibodies ; 2
• .5. Passive Immunotherapy: Adoptive T-cell Transfer; 2
• .6. Passive Immunotherapy: Immunomodulators; 2
• .7. Growth Factors; 2.7
• .1. Filgastrim ; 2.7
• .2. Sargramostim ; 2.7
• .3. Erythropoietin (EPO) ; 2.7
• .4. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1); 2
• .8. Interleukins; 2.8
• .1. Interleukin 2; 2.8
• .2. Interleukin-8; 2
• .9. Interferons; 2.9
• .1. Human Interferon Alpha (HuIFN- α); 2.9
• .2. Recombinant-Feline Interferon Omega (rFeIFN- ω) ; 2
• .10. Nonspecific Immunostimulants; 2.10
• .1. Staphylococcal Protein A (SPA).

• Intro
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1
• Introduction to Cytokines
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Structure of Cytokines
• Classification of Cytokines
• IL-1 Family
• Type 1 Cytokine Family
• IL-6 Family
• Type II Cytokines
• TNF Family
• IL-17 Family
• TGF-�� Family
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 2
• The Immune System
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Non-Specific Defense: The Innate Immune System
• Innate Immune System Cells
• Specific Defense: The Adaptive Immune System
• Lymphocytes
• Complement System
• Immune System Organs
• Cytokines and the Immune Response

• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 3
• Synthesis of Cytokines
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Interferons
• Interleukins
• Chemokines
• Tumor Necrosis Factors
• Growth Factors
• Adipokines
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 4
• Cytokines and Immune Regulation
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Antigen Presentation by Cytokines
• Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
• IL-1
• IL-6
• IL-12, 18, and 23
• IL-15
• Cytotoxic Immunity
• Interferons (IFN)
• IL-11
• Humoral Immunity
• Cellular Immunity
• IL-2
• IL-21
• Interferon Gamma
• IL-16 and IL-17
• Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
• TGF-��

• Family of IL-10
• T-Helper Lymphocytes (TH)
• Allergen Immune Response and Cytokines
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 5
• Cytokines and Genetics
• Abstract
• Introduction
• The Genetics of IL-1 and IL-1R Family Cytokines
• The Genetics of Tumor Necrosis Family (TNF) Cytokines
• The Genetics of IL-6 Family Cytokines
• The Genetics of Interferons (IFNs)
• The Genetics of IL-12 and IL-23 Cytokines
• The Genetics of IL-17 Cytokines
• The Genetics of IL-10 Cytokines
• The Genetics of IL-20 Cytokines
• The Genetics of IL-4 Cytokines
• Cytokines and MicroRNAs
• Conclusion

• Cytokines and Prognosis Monitoring in Respiratory Tract Diseases
• Relationship between Cytokines and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Relationship between Cytokines and SARS-CoV-2
• Relationship between Cytokines and Asthma
• Cytokines and Prognosis Monitoring in Oncology Patients
• Cytokines and Prognosis Monitoring in Cardiovascular System Diseases
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 9
• Autoimmune Diseases and Cytokines
• Abstract
• Introduction
• What are Autoimmune Diseases?
• What Are Cytokines?
• Type I/II Cytokines
• TNF Family

"Cytokines and Diseases will contribute to the pathogenesis, follow-up, and treatment processes of different clinical pictures and diseases in the light of current information obtained from the literature. This book aims to describe the type, effects, and kinetics of cytokine production, as well as to summarize the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm that occurs after bacterial sepsis or severe viral infection. It has been a summative review containing the most up-to-date data for academics participating in cytokine-based therapy studies, studies targeting cytokine production or effects, and clinical trials that arouse interest after the Covid-19 pandemic"-- Provided by publisher.

"In recent years, the study of the human intestinal microbiota and its relationship with the brain has expanded enormously in the scientific field. It has been shown that changes in nutritional habits, apart from producing changes in the host microbiota, can affect the central nervous system, contributing to the development of neurological pathologies such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and motor neuron disorders. Several studies have shed light into the role of exercise as a preventive factor against various diseases; however, exercise can also produce stress on the body. This book discusses the relevance of an individual's health state, type and duration of exercise, and diet as contributing factors to the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Also, this book presents findings regarding the relationships between epigenetic modifications and the gut microbiota as well as between epigenetics and cognitive function"-- Provided by publisher.

"If you are a health-care provider or a student who wants to understand the basics of the gut microbiome, this book is for you. If you find the scientific or media content on the gut microbiota confusing and perplexing, this book will provide you with the armamentarium to better understand it, and if you wish to know the current use of gut microbiota therapies in your field of expertise, this book gives you that concisely. All the information provided is based on the latest published scientific literature. This book presents you with a gist of more than 1,000 research publications. This book explains in an easy way the current terminologies used in the field of gut microbiome, the methods to study gut microbiota, and its role in various diseases. Concise but up-to-date sections are also included on the gut fungi and viruses. Each chapter is neatly divided into the subsections of biological plausibility and evidence from animal studies, followed by evidence from human studies and clinical trials. Such an exercise builds a clear picture in the reader's mind regarding the importance of the gut microbiome in each disorder. The current status of gut microbiota therapies is provided at the end of each chapter. A separate chapter is also included for the microbiota therapies including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and FMT. It explains and discusses their advantages, shortcomings and clinical applications. Apart from gut microbiota, the reader will develop a better understanding of concepts such as endotoxemia, inflammation, insulin resistance, stress and its biology, atherosclerosis, and immune function. All of these are highly relevant to fully grasping the pathophysiology of various diseases. A better understanding leads to a better cure. This book is written by a clinician and thus is easier to understand and provides ready-to-use clinically relevant information"-- Provided by publisher.

Building off the success of the first edition, Gut Microbiota: Interactive Effects on Nutrition and Health, Second Edition, details the complex relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and health. This second edition expands its coverage of emerging practical applications in nutrition and medicine. Covering topics such as the ecological concepts that apply to the gut microbiota and the effects of aging on the gut microbiome, among others, this book is sure to be a welcome resource to microbiome science trainees, food and nutrition researchers working in academia, and industry and healthcare professionals giving dietary recommendations to the general public

• Contributors; Preface;
• 1: Ecology and Evolution of Haloquadratum walsbyi Through the Lens of Genomics and Metagenomics; Introduction; The ecology of solar saltern crystallizer; Haloquadratum walsbyi: the uncultivable species; Unveiling the extent of intragenomic diversity in Haloquadratum walsbyi; Metagenomic islands; Interactions between Haloquadratum walsbyi and other species in the crystallizer pond; The metagenomic insight into predator-prey interplay in aquatic environments; The 'Constant diversity' dynamics model; Conclusion.

• 2: Salinibacter ruber: The Never Ending Microdiversity?Introduction; Abundance and distribution revisited; Microdiversity and recombination; Inter-domain (Archaea-Bacteria) lateral gene transfer: archaeal genes in Salinibacter ruber genomes; The power of metabolomics to explore phenotypic microdiversity; Future trends;
• 3: Horizontal Gene Transfer in Halobacteria; Introduction; Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer; Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in Halobacteria; Evidence for horizontal gene transfer in Halobacteria from single gene studies.

• The origins of the Halobacteria may be rooted in horizontal gene transferHomologous recombination within and between Halobacterial lineages; Geographic isolation and barriers to recombination;
• 4: Comparative Genomics of Haloarchaeal Viruses; Introduction; Haloarchaeal versus prokaryotic viruses; Infection cycle; Related or not related, that's the problem; The influence of viral genes on their hosts; Haloarchaeal viruses; Conclusions and future prospects;
• 5: Microbial Adaptation to Saline Environments: Lessons from the Genomes of Natranaerobius thermophilus and Halobacillus halophilus.

• IntroductionThe anaerobic polyextremophile Natranaerobius thermophilus; The aerobic moderately halophilic Halobacillus halophilus; Synopsis;
• 6: Staying in Shape: The Haloarchaeal Cell Wall; Introduction; Structure of haloarchaeal surface (S)-layers; Haloarchaeal S-layer glycoproteins; Glycosylation of haloarchaeal S-layer glycoproteins; Modulation of haloarchaeal S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation as an adaptive response; Lipid-modification of haloarchaeal S-layer glycoproteins; The cell envelope of the square haloarchaeon, Haloquadratum walsbyi.

• Does the haloarchaeal cell envelope include a periplasmic space?The heteropolysaccharide cell walls of Halococcus morrhuae and Natronococcus occultus; Future trends;
• 7: Cell Cycle and Polyploidy in Haloarchaea; Introduction; The cell cycle of Halobacterium salinarum; Regulated polyploidy in haloarchaea; Evolutionary advantages of haloarchaeal polyploidy; Gene conversion and escape from 'Muller's ratchet'; Conclusions and outlook;
• 8: Cell Regulation by Proteolytic Systems and Protein Conjugation; Introduction; Intramembrane proteolysis; Energy-dependent proteases.

Extreme halophilic environments - including salt lakes and springs, seawater evaporation facilities for the production of sea salt, and subterranean salt deposits derived from ancient oceans - are distributed patchily all over the world. The life that dominates them is microbial (e.g., prokaryotes and the viruses that infect them). The best studied in these environments are the haloarchaea (family Halobacteriaceae), a diverse group of salt-loving organisms in the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. These remarkable organisms have an obligate requirement for salt concentrations between 10% and 35% N.

• 1. Immunology for aliens
• 2. Aliens for immunology
• 3. C-ImmSim unveiled
• 4. Benchmarks, aka qualitative model validation
• 5. Specific applications
• 6. One last word
• 7. Bibliography

Immunology for aliensLeo Szilard paradox: Grand Central TerminalNon-specific defenseLevels of evolution How is a trait selected if it was not needed?Luck or foresight?Blood brothers The members of the winning team are rewarded Somatic recombination produces diversity among equals The workshop of the adaptive response Repertoires A battalion of one Self-inflicted damage threatens survival Don't think, but reason and understandFull cover comes at a cost A bet, not a fantasy, about earliest happeningsThe cooperation of very different cells multiplies jobs that can be done Thymus deeds Hypothesis