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• What Is a Human Being?
• "Self" Doubt
• The Personality Contest
• It's Only Words
• A Path Forward
• The Secret of Life
• Bodies
• The Duality of Biological Existence
• It Took Nerve
• Vertebrates and Their Nervous Systems
• Romer's Rendition
• Viscerology
• The Behavioral Thoroughfare
• Internalizing the External World
• What Is Cognition?
• Mental Models
• The Evolutionary Landscape of Model-Based Cognition
• Foraging in the Mind
• The Cognitive Brain
• Is Consciousness Mysterious?
• Kinds of Consciousness
• Making Consciousness Meaningful
• Fact-Knowing and Self-Knowing Consciousness
• Non-Knowing Consciousness
• What Consciousness Might Be Like in Other Animals
• Stories We Tell Ourselves, and Others.

• The First System
• A Gut Reaction
• Pain Perception
• A Proneness to Tremble
• More Than a Glue
• A Lack of Tears
• The Power of Touch
• Plasticity in the Periphery

• Brain science at the dawn of the 1950s
• The brain is an undiscovered country
• An experiment with mankind
• The "prisoner's cinema": interrogation in the age of the explorable brain
• Manchurian candidates
• Brain science in the visionary mode
• Brain science between Cold War and counterculture: the case of John Lilly.

In this eye-opening chronicle of scientific research on the brain in the early Cold War era, the acclaimed historian Andreas Killen traces the complex circumstances surrounding the genesis of our present-day fascination with this organ. The 1950s were a transformative, even revolutionary decade in the history of brain science. Using new techniques for probing brain activity and function, researchers in neurosurgery, psychiatry, and psychology achieved dramatic breakthroughs in the treatment of illnesses like epilepsy and schizophrenia, as well as the understanding of such faculties as memory and perception. Memory was the site of particularly startling discoveries. As one researcher wrote to another in the middle of that decade, "Memory was the sleeping beauty of the brain--and now she is awake." Collectively, these advances prefigured the emergence of the field of neuroscience at the end of the twentieth century. But the 1950s also marked the beginning of the Cold War and a period of transformative social change across Western society. These developments resulted in unease and paranoia. Mysterious new afflictions--none more mystifying than "brainwashing"--also appeared at this time. Faced with the discovery that, as one leading psychiatrist put it, "the human personality is not as stable as we often assume," many researchers in the sciences of brain and behavior joined the effort to understand these conditions. They devised ingenious and sometimes transgressive experimental methods for studying and proposing countermeasures to the problem of Communist mind control. Some of these procedures took on a strange life of their own, escaping the confines of the research lab to become part of 1960s counterculture. Much later, in the early 2000s, they resurfaced in the War on Terror. These stories, often told separately, are brought together by the historian Andreas Killen in this chronicle of the brain's mid-twentieth-century emergence as both a new research frontier and an organ whose integrity and capacities--especially that of memory--were imagined as uniquely imperiled in the 1950s. Nervous Systems explores the anxious context in which the mid-century sciences of the brain took shape and reveals the deeply ambivalent history that lies behind our contemporary understanding of this organ.

• Introduction to the Lipid Hypothesis : the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis
• Nikolai Anitschkow : The cholesterol-fed rabbit, an animal model of atherosclerosis
• John Gofman and Richard Havel : The discovery that cholesterol is transported by lipoproteins in the blood and their centrifugal analysis
• Thomas Dawber and William Kannel : The Framingham Study and risk factors for coronary heart disease
• Ancel Keys : The Seven Countries study and the role of dietary fat in determining cholesterol levels in populations
• Michael Oliver : Pros and cons of lowering cholesterol
• Donald Fredrickson and Robert Levy : The classification of disorders of lipoprotein metabolism
• John Yudkin : The role of sugar in coronary heart disease
• Sir John McMichael and J. R. Anthony Mitchell : Cardiological opponents of the lipid hypothesis
• Nicolas Myant : Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
• Joseph Goldstein and Michael Brown : Discovery of the LDL receptor
• Daniel Steinberg : The role of oxidised LDL in atherosclerosis
• Kåre Berg : Discovery of Lipoprotein (a)
• Gerd Utermann : Discovery of apoE isoforms and their role in lipid metabolism
• Akira Endo : The discovery of the first statin
• P. Roy Vagelos, Alfred Alberts and Jonathan Tobert : The development of statins for clinical use
• Terje Pedersen, James Shepherd and Sir Rory Collins : The statin trials that
• proved the lipid hypothesis
• Impact of proof of the lipid hypothesis on the science and practice of Medicine
• The future of clinical lipidology.

"This book recounts the science and scientific personalities behind the chain of discoveries upon which the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis was built. The narrative covers a period of just under a hundred years, starting with Anitschkow's experiments with cholesterol-fed rabbits in 1913, and recounts the endeavours and achievements of the leading actors in this protracted scientific drama. The cast includes an extraordinarily wide variety of scientific disciplines: pathology, biophysics, epidemiology, nutrition, cardiology, lipidology, genetics; microbiology, pharmacology, and clinical trial design. Most of the scientists believed that cholesterol played a causal role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease but there were some who dissented strongly from this conclusion. The breadth of scientific disciplines involved in proving the lipid hypothesis is matched by the geographical spread of the participants. Anitschkow worked in Russia, Endo discovered the first statin in Japan, their commercial development by Merck took place in the USA and evidence of benefit from lowering cholesterol came from trials conducted in Scandinavia and the UK. The subsequent meta-analysis of these statin trials in 2005 proved the validity of the lipid hypothesis beyond any doubt, and the history of how this all came about and its impact upon health policy and medical practice is recalled here in Resolving the Cholesterol Controversy"-- Provided by publisher.

In Rethinking Death, scientists, physicians, and survivors of cardiac arrest explore the liminal space between life and death, breaking down these stunning scientific breakthroughs to tell the remarkable, scientific story of what happens after we die.

• What Is a Human Being?
• "Self" Doubt
• The Personality Contest
• It's Only Words
• A Path Forward
• The Secret of Life
• Bodies
• The Duality of Biological Existence
• It Took Nerve
• Vertebrates and Their Nervous Systems
• Romer's Rendition
• Viscerology
• The Behavioral Thoroughfare
• Internalizing the External World
• What Is Cognition?
• Mental Models
• Model-Based Cognition in Evolution
• Foraging in the Mind
• The Cognitive Brain
• Is Consciousness Mysterious?
• Kinds of Consciousness
• Making Consciousness Meaningful
• Fact-Knowing and Self-Knowing Consciousness
• Non-Knowing Consciousness
• What Consciousness Might Be Like in Other Animals
• Stories We Tell Ourselves, and Others.

"Joseph LeDoux offers a new framework for understanding how biological processes give rise to the sense of being an independent personality in the world. Theorizing the intricate interdependence of the bodily, neural, cognitive, and conscious realms, Ledoux explores the evolution of the human as an "ensemble of being" unique among Earth's animals"-- Provided by publisher.

• What's love got do with it
• Souls on ice
• Blood, sweat, and tears
• Holy grail
• Way we were
• Few degrees of separation
• Remembrance of emotions past
• Where the wild things are
• Once more, with feelings.

What happens in our brains to make us feel fear, love, hate, anger, joy? do we control our emotions, or do they control us? Do animals have emotions? How can traumatic experiences in early childhood influence adult behavior, even though we have no conscious memory of them? In The Emotional Brain, Joseph LeDoux investigates the origins of human emotions and explains that many exist as part of complex neural systems that evolved to enable us to survive. Unlike conscious feelings, emotions originate in the brain at a much deeper level, says LeDoux, a leading authority in the field of neural science and one of the principal researchers profiled in Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence. In this provocative book, LeDoux explores the underlying brain mechanisms responsible for our emotions, mechanisms that are only now being revealed. The Emotional Brain presents some fascinating findings about our familiar yet little understood emotions. For example, our brains can detect danger before we even experience the feeling of being afraid. The brain also begins to initiate physical responses (heart palpitations, sweaty palms, muscle tension) before we become aware of an associated feeling of fear. Conscious feelings, says LeDoux, are somewhat irrelevant to the way the emotional brain works. He points out that emotional responses are hard-wired into the brain's circuitry, but the things that make us emotional are learned through experience. And this may be the key to understanding, even changing, our emotional makeup. Many common psychiatric problems - such as phobias or posttraumatic stress disorder - involve malfunctions in the way emotion systems learn and remember. Understanding how these mechanisms normally work will have important consequences for how we view ourselves and how we treat emotional disorders.

• What's love got do with it
• Souls on ice
• Blood, sweat, and tears
• Holy grail
• Way we were
• Few degrees of separation
• Remembrance of emotions past
• Where the wild things are
• Once more, with feelings.

• What Is a Human Being?
• "Self" Doubt
• The Personality Contest
• It's Only Words
• A Path Forward
• The Secret of Life
• Bodies
• The Duality of Biological Existence
• It Took Nerve
• Vertebrates and Their Nervous Systems
• Romer's Rendition
• Viscerology
• The Behavioral Thoroughfare
• Internalizing the External World
• What Is Cognition?
• Mental Models
• The Evolutionary Landscape of Model-Based Cognition
• Foraging in the Mind
• The Cognitive Brain
• Is Consciousness Mysterious?
• Kinds of Consciousness
• Making Consciousness Meaningful
• Fact-Knowing and Self-Knowing Consciousness
• Non-Knowing Consciousness
• What Consciousness Might Be Like in Other Animals
• Stories We Tell Ourselves, and Others.

• Prologue. 'Nine years and more' : an overview of the story
• Aristotle's animal and the question of the soul
• Aristotle on the causes of the parts of animals
• Aristotle's animal in Padua : the anatomical investigations of Fabricius
• William Harvey : pupil, physician, professor
• William Harvey, searcher into the vegetative soul
• 'The wonderful circulation of the blood, first found out by me'
• Method and experiment
• 'The anatomy of the blood' : the blood as a new research object
• Precursing Aristotle : Why and how did we lose this Aristotle?
• Harvey and his historians : why and how did we lose this Harvey?

"This book presents a new interpretation of how and why the discovery of the circulation of the blood in animals was made. It has long been known that the English physician William Harvey (1578-1657) was a follower of Aristotle, but his most strikingly 'modern' and original discovery - of the circulation of the blood - resulted from Harvey following Aristotle's ancient programme of investigation into animals. This is a new reading of the most important discovery ever made in anatomy by one man and produces not only a radical re-reading of Harvey as anatomist, but also of Aristotle and his investigations of animals"-- Provided by publisher.

• Prologue: In which we meet the Friths
• What your brain is, what it can do, how it works, and all that
• The Friths : who they are, and how they came to be
• How brains know what they know
• Teaching is a tool, copying is an instinct
• Explaining empathy : the latest chapter in the history of neuroscience
• How the brain knows about itself
• Interlude: Doing science properly is difficult
• Think, and think again
• Watching brains at work
• Two heads really are better than one
• When cooperation breeds confusion
• Free will and regret
• In-groups and out-groups
• Reputation matters
• Epilogue: In which the Friths host a party.

"Professors and husband-and-wife team Uta and Chris Frith have pioneered major studies of brain disorders throughout their nearly fifty-year career. Here, in Two Heads, their distinguished careers serve as a prism through which they share the compelling story of the birth of neuroscience and their paradigm-shifting discoveries across areas as wide-ranging as autism and schizophrenia research, and new frontiers of social cognition including diversity, prejudice, confidence, collaboration, and empathy. Working with their son Alex Frith and artist Daniel Locke, the professors examine the way that neuroscientific research is now focused on the fact we are a social species, whose brains have evolved to work cooperatively. Using an engaging and approachable style, they delve into a wide range of complex concepts and explain them with humor and clarity. You'll discover what happens when people gather in groups, and how people behave when they're in pairs--either pitted against each other or working together. Is it better to surround yourself with people who are similar to yourself, or different? And, are two heads really better than one?"-- Amazon.

• Protein Folding and Structure
• Energy Landscapes as the Protein's Blueprint
• Protein Functioning under Force
• Methods to Study the Mechanical Unfolding of Proteins
• How Cells and Tissues Use Mechanical Unfolding and Refolding as a Gain-of-Function

"Mechanical Unfolding Response of Proteins is a thermodynamically motivated overview of when, why, and how proteins respond to mechanical perturbations and the experimental techniques used to probe single protein biophysics. Relative newcomers to the field (new graduate students), and those starting from a biological background hoping for an introduction to the physics behind protein behavior, will benefit from reading this primer."-- Provided by publisher

• Introduction
• Noncovalent Interactions Support Protein-Ligand Interactions
• Defining Thermodynamic Terms Used To Understand Ligand Binding Interactions
• Binding Polynomials and Properties of Binding Curves
• Common Experimental Strategies To Detect Ligand Binding
• Conclusion

"Ligand binding by macromolecules represents a core event of broad relevance to a range of systems, including catalytic systems alongside noncatalytic systems such as nucleic acid binding by transcription factors or extracellular ligand binding by proteins involved in signaling pathways. The scope of this primer is constrained to introduce only foundational models without significant discussion of more advanced topics such as allosteric or linkage effects. Linkage occurs when the binding of a ligand is influenced by the binding of another molecule of the same ligand (homotropic linkage), the binding of a different ligand (heterotropic linkage), physical variables such as temperature or pressure (physical linkage), or changes in macromolecular assembly state (polysteric linkage). Taking this into account, the foundational themes presented in this primer can be used to describe any macromolecule-ligand interaction either by direct use of the models and techniques described here or by applying them to develop more advanced models to explain additional complexities such as those allosteric or linkage effects just mentioned. The target audience of this primer is the senior undergraduate or junior graduate student who lacks a foundation in ligand-binding thermodynamics. As such, we have focused primarily on foundational thermodynamic treatments and presented only general discussions of relevant experimental designs. Readers of this primer will learn how to build a working understanding of common factors that promote energetic favorability for ligand binding; develop a functional toolbox to understand ligand binding from the perspective of collecting, plotting, and interpreting ligand-binding data; enhance proficiency in deriving thermodynamic mechanisms for ligand binding; and become comfortable in interpreting binding data reported in the literature and independently expanding knowledge beyond the scope introduced in this primer."-- Provided by publisher