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• 1. History of Rwandan Law
• 2. Homegrown Legal Concepts and Solutions: Gacaca, Abunzi and Imihigo
• 3. Rwandan Constitutional Law
• 4. Rwandan International Law
• 5. Organization, Jurisdiction, and Functioning of Rwanda's Judiciary
• 6. Persons, Family, Matrimonial Regimes, and Succession
• 7. Criminal Law.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book explores key innovations in Rwandan law, exploring how the country has tried to combine the homegrown legal system with the civil law and common law legal systems to create a new hybrid legal system. The author explores the history of Rwandan law through the pre-colonial, to colonial and post-independence periods, and examines the homegrown legal and justice approaches, such as Gacaca, Abunzi, and Imihigo, introduced to deal with legal problems that could not be dealt with using the western legal system in post genocide Rwanda. The book highlights the innovative Rwandan approach to incorporating international law in the domestic legal system; it also covers the evolution of Rwandan constitutional law and constitutionalism since independence, and the development of family law from a legal system that oppressed women to one that promotes the rights of girls and women. Finally, the book explores the combination of common law and civil law systems in the development of the new Rwandan criminal law and in the transformation of the organization, jurisdiction, and functioning of Rwandan courts. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of African law, international law, and the legal system in Rwanda.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
This book explores key innovations in Rwandan law, exploring how the homegrown legal system with the civil law and common law legal systems. The author explores the history of Rwandan law through pre-colonial, to colonial and post-independence periods, examines the homegrown legal and justice approaches, such as Gacaca, Abunzi and Imihigo, introduced in post genocide Rwanda to deal with legal problems that could not be dealt with using the western legal system; and highlights the innovative Rwandan approach to incorporating international law in the domestic legal system. The book also covers the evolution of the Rwandan Constitutional Law and Constitutionalism since independence; the development of family law from a legal system that oppressed women to one that promotes girls and women rights. Finally, the book explores the contribution of common law in the transformation of the organization, jurisdiction and functioning of Rwandan Courts. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of African law, international law and the legal system in Rwanda.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword / Élisée Musemakweli
• Introduction / Tharcisse Gatwa, Philippe Denis
• Part 1. The Duty of Memory
• Le devoir de mémoire, un souci pour la société actuelle : les idée de quelques spécialistes de la mémoire au vingtième siècle / Viateur Ndikumana
• Contested memories and competing narratives of the past in post-genocide Rwanda / Philippe Denis
• Facing the guilt : churches and Christians confessing for the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda / Tharcisse Gatwa
• Remembrance, a transformative approach to traumatic memories in the communities of Rwanda / Appoline Kabera
• Part 2. Memory Work in Post-Genocide Rwanda
• Dynamic genocide commemoration framework / Augustin Nshimiyimana
• Mourning based culture for addressing grief and trauma / Augustin Nshimiyimana
• Policy and politics of commemoration of the genocide against the Tutsi : twenty-five years of an uneven journey / Penine Uwimbabazi -- healing wounds after genocide and extreme violence : the role of psychosocial support group therapy / Florence Batoni
• Student trauma first aid training project at PIASS / Anne Dietrich
• L'Église catholique dans le processus d'unité et réconciliation au Rwanda / Vincent Gásana
• Part 3. Memory Politics Outside Rwanda
• Reconciliation between Christian churches and Jewish communities after centuries of conflict leading to the Shoah / Dieter Brandes
• Memory, reconciliation and regional integrations : parallels between post-conflict French-German cooperation and post-genocide Rwanda / Jenan-Marc Trouille
• Memory as a site of struggle : the rebuilding of a traumatized nation as a faith-based political practice / Simangaliso Kumalo
• Memory and the civil rights movement in the United States of America / Rodney L. Peterson
• Working with memories and fostering compassion in dived communities : can the UK learn from Rwanda's churches? / Helen Trouille

"A quarter of a century after the genocide against the Tutsi, the memory of this highly traumatic event and of the various tragedies associated with it continues to haunt Rwandans, as has been the case in other post-conflict situations in the world. The survivors of the genocide permanently live with unhealed wounds and trauma. For a country to reconcile and move forward, the biggest challenge is to create the conditions for a real sharing of memories. All components of society, including public bodies, churches and civil-society organisations, are part of this efford ... This book provides information on the question of memory in the post-genecide Rwanda. It should be seen as a resource for students and community activists dealing with issues of memory, healing and reconciliation." -- Back cover

• Introduction
• Part I. Clientelist and Authoritarian Legacies: 1. A history of clientelism in Rwanda
• 2. The RPF: an unrivaled patron
• Part II. Formal and Informal Rules of the Game: 3. The mental map: shared expectations of rule
• 4. The gacaca court: deciding innocence and guilt
• Part III. Consolidating Authoritarianism: 5. Confessions: surrendering the right to rule
• 6. Denunciations: local space and local control
• 7. Judges: political cooptation at the grassroots
• Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book shows how Rwanda's transitional courts that tried genocide crimes - the gacaca - produced social complicity and cemented authoritarian rule. It is unique for its in-depth investigation of the courts' legal operations: confessions, denunciation, and lay judging, and shows how targeted incentives such as grants of clemency, opportunities for private gain, and career advancement drew the masses into the orbit of the ethnic minority-dominated regime. Using previously untapped data, it illustrates how a decade of mass trials constructed a tacit patronage-driven relationship in which the interests of the citizenry became tied to the authoritarian elite that had discretionary power to grant or withdraw those benefits at will. The operation of law in individual behavior and authoritarian control presented in this volume will be of use to students and scholars in the social sciences, and practitioners interested in criminal law and transitional justice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword
• Introduction
• International standards on child perpetrators of atrocities
• Putting international standards into practice
• Rwanda : setting the context
• Rwanda's responses, in law, policy and practice to child génocidaires
• International actors and Rwandan child génocidaire
• UNICEF Rwanda's policy and advocacy : a strategic approach
• Evaluating UNICEF Rwanda's approach : a case of principled pragmatism?
• Child perpetrators and child rights : Rwanda and beyond

Following a devastating genocide in 1994, the Rwandan government elected to hold all perpetrators accountable - including children. Thousands of children were held in prisons while awaiting charges; some were later convicted. This book is about these children. Drawing on interviews and extensive archival research in Rwanda, it documents their journey through prisons, formal courts, gacaca proceedings or re-education centres. Its insights extend beyond Rwanda, looking at how international law protects children accused of even the most serious atrocities. The book is about law in action, and how states, and international organisations, operationalise international standards on child perpetrators in challenging post-conflict conditions. Engaging with theories from international law, international relations and anthropology, it illuminates strategies utilised by UNICEF to promote the rights of alleged child genocidaires and traces UNICEF's positive influence on their protection. It makes the case for principled pragmatism as an approach to human rights promotion in post-conflict societies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• History of Rwandan law
• Homegrown legal concepts and solutions : Gacaca, Abunzi, and Imihigo
• Rwandan constitutional law
• Organization, jurisdiction, and functioning of Rwanda’s judiciary
• Persons, family, matrimonial regimes, and succession
• Criminal law

This book explores key innovations in Rwandan law, exploring how the country has tried to combine the homegrown legal system with the civil law and common law legal systems to create a new hybrid legal system. The author explores the history of Rwandan law through the pre-colonial, to colonial and post-independence periods, and examines the homegrown legal and justice approaches, such as Gacaca, Abunzi, and Imihigo, introduced to deal with legal problems that could not be dealt with using the western legal system in post genocide Rwanda. The book highlights the innovative Rwandan approach to incorporating international law in the domestic legal system; it also covers the evolution of Rwandan constitutional law and constitutionalism since independence, and the development of family law from a legal system that oppressed women to one that promotes the rights of girls and women. Finally, the book explores the combination of common law and civil law systems in the development of the new Rwandan criminal law and in the transformation of the organization, jurisdiction, and functioning of Rwandan courts. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of African law, international law, and the legal system in Rwanda.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
This book explores key innovations in Rwandan law, exploring how the homegrown legal system with the civil law and common law legal systems. The author explores the history of Rwandan law through pre-colonial, to colonial and post-independence periods, examines the homegrown legal and justice approaches, such as Gacaca, Abunzi and Imihigo, introduced in post genocide Rwanda to deal with legal problems that could not be dealt with using the western legal system; and highlights the innovative Rwandan approach to incorporating international law in the domestic legal system. The book also covers the evolution of the Rwandan Constitutional Law and Constitutionalism since independence; the development of family law from a legal system that oppressed women to one that promotes girls and women rights. Finally, the book explores the contribution of common law in the transformation of the organization, jurisdiction and functioning of Rwandan Courts. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of African law, international law and the legal system in Rwanda.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• Map of Rwanda
• Introduction
• 1. Framing Gacaca: transitional justice themes
• 2. Moulding tradition: the history, law and hybridity of Gacaca
• 3. Interpreting Gacaca: the rationale for analysing a dynamic socio-legal institution
• 4. The Gacaca journey: the rough road to justice and reconciliation
• 5. Gacaca's modus operandi: engagement through popular participation
• 6. Gacaca's pragmatic objectives
• 7. Accuser, liberator or reconciler? Truth through Gacaca
• 8. Law, order and restoration: peace and justice through Gacaca
• 9. Mending hearts and minds: healing and forgiveness through Gacaca
• 10. (Re)fusing social bonds: Gacaca and reconciliation
• Conclusion
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since 2001, the Gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation programme. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, principally by providing eyewitness testimony concerning genocide crimes. Lawyers are banned from any official involvement, an issue that has generated sustained criticism from human rights organisations and international scepticism regarding Gacaca's efficacy. Drawing on more than six years of fieldwork in Rwanda and nearly five hundred interviews with participants in trials, this in-depth ethnographic investigation of a complex transitional justice institution explores the ways in which Rwandans interpret Gacaca. Its conclusions provide indispensable insight into post-genocide justice and reconciliation, as well as the population's views on the future of Rwanda itself.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Judging the crime of crimes
• 'When we walk out; what was it all about?'
• 'Watching the fish in the goldfish bowl'
• 'Who the hell cares how things are done in the old country'
• 'They don't say what they mean or mean what they say'
• 'We are not a truth commission'
• Conclusion.

Accounts of international criminal courts have tended to consist of reflections on abstract legal texts, on judgements and trial transcripts. Genocide Never Sleeps, based on ethnographic research at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), provides an alternative account, describing a messy, flawed human process in which legal practitioners faced with novel challenges sought to reconfigure long-standing habits and opinions while maintaining a commitment to 'justice'. From the challenges of simultaneous translation to collaborating with colleagues from different legal traditions, legal practitioners were forced to scrutinise that which normally remains assumed in domestic law. By providing an account of this process, Genocide Never Sleeps not only provides a unique insight into the exceptional nature of the ad hoc, improvised ICTR and the day-to-day practice of international criminal justice, but also holds up for fresh inspection much that is naturalised and assumed in unexceptional, domestic legal processes.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: judging the crime of crimes
• 1. 'When we walk out
• what was it all about?'
• 2. 'Watching the fish in the goldfish bowl'
• 3. 'Who the hell cares how things are done in the old country'
• 4. 'They don't say what they mean or mean what they say'
• 5. 'We are not a truth commission'
• Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Accounts of international criminal courts have tended to consist of reflections on abstract legal texts, on judgements and trial transcripts. Genocide Never Sleeps, based on ethnographic research at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), provides an alternative account, describing a messy, flawed human process in which legal practitioners faced with novel challenges sought to reconfigure long-standing habits and opinions while maintaining a commitment to 'justice'. From the challenges of simultaneous translation to collaborating with colleagues from different legal traditions, legal practitioners were forced to scrutinise that which normally remains assumed in domestic law. By providing an account of this process, Genocide Never Sleeps not only provides a unique insight into the exceptional nature of the ad hoc, improvised ICTR and the day-to-day practice of international criminal justice, but also holds up for fresh inspection much that is naturalised and assumed in unexceptional, domestic legal processes.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• The crime of genocide and its contextual features in Rwanda
• A framework for post-genocide Rwanda : legal imperatives concerning transitional justice
• Post-genocide justice in Rwanda : ordinary courts
• National responses to the Rwandan genocide : gacaca courts
• Gacaca courts under human rights scrutiny
• Gacaca jurisdictions in practice
• The reconciliation process in Rwanda
• Conclusion.

Combining both legal and empirical research, this book explores the statutory aspects and practice of Gacaca Courts (inkiko gacaca), the centrepiece of Rwanda's post-genocide transitional justice system, assessing their contribution to truth, justice and reconciliation. The volume expands the knowledge regarding these courts, assessing not only their performance in terms of formal justice and compliance with human rights standards but also their actual modus operandi. Scholars and practitioners have progressively challenged the idea that genocide should be addressed exclusively through 'westernised' criminal law, arguing that the uniqueness of each genocidal setting requires specific context-sensitive solutions. Rwanda's experience with Gacaca Courts has emerged as a valuable opportunity for testing this approach, offering never previously tried homegrown solutions to the violence experienced in 1994 and beyond. Due to the unprecedented number of individuals brought to trial, the absence of lawyers, the participative nature, and the presence of lay judges directly elected by the Rwandan population, Gacaca Courts have attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines and triggered dichotomous reactions and appraisals. The tensions existing within the literature are addressed, anchoring the assessment of Gacaca in a comprehensive legal analysis in conjunction with field research. Through the direct observation of Gacaca trials, and by holding interviews and informal talks with survivors, perpetrators, ordinary Rwandans, academics and the staff of NGOs, a purely legalistic perspective is overcome, offering instead an innovative bottom-up approach to meta-legal concepts such as justice, fairness, truth and reconciliation. Outlining their strengths and shortcomings, this book highlights what aspects of Gacaca Courts can be useful in other post-genocide contexts and provides crucial lessons learnt in the realm of transitional justice. The primary audience this book is aimed at consists of researchers working in the areas of international criminal law, transitional justice, genocide, restorative justice, African studies, human rights and criminology, while practitioners, students and others with a professional interest in the topical matters that are addressed may also find the issues raised relevant to their practice or field of study. Pietro Sullo teaches public international law and international diplomatic law at the Brussels School of International Studies of the University of Kent in Brussels. He is particularly interested in international human rights law, transitional justice, international criminal law, constitutional transitions and refugee law. After earning his Ph.D. at the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Dr. Sullo worked at the Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg as a senior researcher and as a coordinator of the International Doctoral Research School on Retaliation, Mediation and Punishment. He was also Director of the European Master's Programme in Human Rights and Democratization (E.MA) in Venice from 2013 to 2015 and lastly he has worked for international NGOs and as a legal consultant for the Libya Constitution Drafting Assembly on human rights and transitional justice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction 1. History of the crisis 2. The ignorant bystander? 3. The indifferent bystander? 4. The bystander who did too little, too late? 5. The responsible bystander? Selected bibliography Index
• .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The ignorant bystander: Britain and the Rwandan genocide uses a case study of Britain's response to the genocide to explore what factors motivate humanitarian intervention in overseas crises. The Rwandan genocide was one of the bloodiest events in the late twentieth century and the international community's response has stimulated a great deal of interest and debate ever since. In this study, Dean White provides the most thorough review of Britain's response to the crisis written to date. The research draws on previously unseen documents and interviews with ministers and senior diplomats, and examines issues such as how the decision to intervene was made by the British Government, how media coverage led to a significant misunderstanding of the crisis, and how Britain shaped debate at the UN Security Council. The book concludes by comparing the response to Rwanda, to Britain's response to the recent crises in Syria and Libya. -- .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Addis ababa departure lounge -
• The eagle eye -
• At the first judgment -
• Lines of defense -
• The fool's game -
• Counting up the Interahamwe -
• The white man's grave -
• A little murder among friends -
• Opening up Kibuye -
• Be like the Arab (reason to doubt) -
• Closing up shop -
• A mayor in turmoil (the doubt in reason) -
• The principle of ignorance -
• The betrayal of the "moderates" -
• Like a flight of termites -
• Loser's justice -
• Giving and taking back.

In the wake of the genocidal violence that gripped Rwanda in 1994, the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rhanda to seek accountability for some of the worst atrocities sicne WWII. Journalist Thierry Cruvellier spent years covering the court's proceedings in detail, interviewing the protagonists and dissecting the dynamics of war crimes justice. -- Back cover.

• List of Illustrations; Acknowledgments; List of Abbreviations; Introduction; 1. From Genocide to Gacaca; 2. Learning "to Be Kinyarwanda"; 3. Gacaca Mechanics; 4. Experiencing Gacaca; 5. The Weight of the State; 6. Navigating the Social; 7. A Thousand Hills, a Thousand Gacacas; 8. Shades of Heart; Epilogue;
• Appendix I: Important Dates;
• Appendix II: Supplementary Tables; Glossary; Notes; References; Index.

After the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, victims, perpetrators, and the country as a whole struggled to deal with the legacy of the mass violence. The government responded by creating a new version of a traditional grassroots justice system called gacaca. Bert Ingelaere, based on his observation of two thousand gacaca trials, offers a comprehensive assessment of what these courts set out to do, how they worked, what they achieved, what they did not achieve, and how they affected Rwandan society. Weaving together vivid firsthand recollections, interviews, and trial testimony with systematic analysis, Ingelaere documents how the gacaca shifted over time from confession to accusation, from restoration to retribution. He precisely articulates the importance of popular conceptions of what is true and just. Marked by methodological sophistication, extraordinary evidence, and deep knowledge of Rwanda, this is an authoritative, nuanced, and bittersweet account of one of the most important experiments in transitional justice after mass violence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)