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• Introduction
• Law and precarity in daily life
• Law and social change in Vietnam
• Factory workers' early withdrawal of social insurance benefits
• Early retirement by workers in a former state-owned enterprise
• Illegal house construction in peri-urban areas
• Conclusion.

"This book will be of interest to researchers and students of law and society, political economy, anthropology, and Asian studies. It offers an original understanding of the paradoxical effects of law in the survival strategies of people who are caught to live and work in precarious circumstances"-- Provided by publisher.

"This book examines the law and its development trends in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Vietnam. It is an important reference in implementing the requirements of CPTPP and EVFTA in Vietnam, and it is also very important in improving the legal framework in Vietnam to comply with international standards, especially in the areas of labor, environment and consumer protection, and in raising awareness of CSR among Vietnamese companies. Many articles in this book analyze and assess the legal status of CSR, thus providing a number of constructive suggestions for improving the relevant laws in Vietnam. Corporate social responsibility is not only the contribution of corporate philanthropy to society, but also the compliance of companies with international standards and national laws in the fields of labor, environment, investment, labor security, social security, etc. Against the backdrop of Vietnam's growing international integration, the requirement of corporate social responsibility has been, and continues to be, paramount in business activities. It is not only a need at the enterprise level, but is also related to the internationalization of international standards and the improvement of national laws on CSR"-- Provided by publisher.

• Cover
• Half-title page
• Series page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Figures
• Acknowledgments
• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Chapter One Law and Precarity in Daily Life
• 1.1 Hegemony, Alienation, and Empowerment: Three Accounts of Law in Everyday Life
• 1.2 Precarity as Daily Struggle
• 1.3 Precarity and Law: A Mutually Reinforcing Relationship
• 1.4 Studying Everyday Legality in Vietnam
• Chapter Two Law and Social Change in Vietnam
• 2.1 Constitutional Amendments and Constitutional Claim-Making
• 2.2 Law and Economic Governance

• 2.3 Law as a Means of Dispute Resolution
• 2.4 Law as a Resource of Claim-Making
• 2.5 Law in Everyday Life
• Chapter Three Factory Workers' Early Withdrawal of Social Insurance Benefits
• 3.1 Social Insurance Regulations
• 3.2 Workers' Vulnerabilities in a Market Economy
• 3.3 Trading of Social Insurance Books
• 3.4 Informal Deals with Employers for Early withdrawal of Pension
• 3.4.1 Workers' Perceptions of Social Insurance Benefits and Family Obligations
• 3.4.2 Turning to "Law"
• 3.4.3 Cycle of Precariousness
• 3.5 Conclusion

• Chapter Four Early Retirement by Workers in a Former State-Owned Enterprise
• 4.1 Social Insurance Reform in Vietnam
• 4.2 Working Experiences in an Equitized Enterprise
• 4.3 Informal Arrangements to Retire Early
• 4.4 Life and Work After Retirement
• 4.5 Precarity as an Ideological Struggle
• 4.6 Conclusion
• Chapter Five Illegal House Construction in Peri-Urban Areas
• 5.1 Laws on Land and Housing in Vietnam
• 5.2 Development and Housing in Peri-Urban Districts
• 5.3 Displacement and Unsettled Settlement
• 5.4 Negotiated Residency
• 5.5 House Demolition

• 5.6 Old-Age Precarity, Debt, and Destitution
• 5.7 Conclusion
• Conclusion
• Addressing Precarity: What Role for the Law?
• (Mis)match between Law and Other Sets of Values and Understandings of Justice
• Legal Ambiguity and the Prevalence of Informal Processes and Practices
• The Regulatory and Normative Role of the State
• Law and Precarity in a Global Context
• Appendix
• Laws Cited
• References
• Index

Offers an original understanding of the mutually reinforcing relationship between law and precarity in daily life in Vietnam.

• Introduction
• Economic analysis methods for natural resources and environmental policies
• Drinking water options in the context of arsenic contamination
• Groundwater uses and management
• An economic evaluation of groundwater protection
• Risk cost-benefit analysis framework under climate change-related disasters
• Household economic losses of urban flooding
• An evaluation of living with flood policy
• Conclusion and a look forward

This book provides an in-depth analysis of groundwater uses and environmental issues in the Mekong Delta. It focuses on groundwater pollution and use, urban flooding, living with flood policy, and climate change-related adaptation measures. The Mekong Delta is facing these serious issues in the course of its development. This book uses economic analysis methods such as risk cost benefit analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, contingent valuation method, economic loss valuation, and multi criteria analysis to provide policy makers and researchers a better understanding of issues faced by sea level rise-impacted regions around the world and provide possible solutions. Students of environmental economics, economic valuation, and public policy can use this work to enhance their analytical skills. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of tables
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Constitutionalism and the emergence of constitutional dialogue in Vietnam
• 2. The emerging debate over constitutional review and enforcement in Vietnam
• 3. Motorbike constitutionalism: the emergence of constitutional claims in Vietnam
• 4. Economic law in the service of globalization: labor law and labor export from Vietnam
• 5. Law, the press, and police murder: the trial of Lt. Nguyen Tung Duong
• 6. Law and the regulation of civil society: nonprofit organizations, philanthropy, grassroots organizations, and the state
• 7. Testing the limits of advocacy: the emergence of public interest law in Vietnam
• 8. Donors, law and social justice in Vietnam: the uncertain promise
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book is a unique analysis of the struggle to build a rule of law in one of the world's most dynamic and vibrant nations - a socialist state that is seeking to build a market economy while struggling to pursue an ethos of social equality and opportunity. It addresses constitutional change, the assertion of constitutional claims by citizens, the formation of a strong civil society and non-profit sector, the emergence of economic law and the battles over who is benefited by the economic regulation, labor law and the protection of migrant and export labor, the rise of lawyers and public interest law, and other key topics. Alongside other countries, comparisons are made to parallel developments in another transforming socialist state, the People's Republic of China.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Labour law and the state's management of labour relations in Vietnam
• On the shop floor
• At union offices and to the news headlines
• 'Defending their rights and interests' : bringing law to workers' residences
• Coreworkers' legal mobilisation
• Conclusion.

This book develops an understanding of workplace justice and labour rights in Vietnam from factory workers' voices and their resistance against abuse and exploitation. Through interviews with workers and a close analysis of their letters and petitions to the unions and state authorities, Nguyen illuminates how workers' resistance is enabled and stifled by the legal and political systems that are supposed to protect their rights and benefits. Their calls for justice reflect socialist ideology and widely held norms within society, as well as ideals and values embedded in labour law. The book demonstrates how state law brings about social change through shaping workers' expectations and increasing consciousness of rights and justice. This book will be of interest to scholars of law, politics and society, and scholars, students and practitioners interested in labour rights in developing countries.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Roots and Routes
• Part One: Comparative Law, Transplantation and Courts
• (I) Comparative Law in a Post-Modern World
• Part Two: Dispute Resolution in the DRVN: 1945 - 1976
• Translating the Vietnamese System of Dispute Resolution: 1945 - 1959
• (II) Vietnamese Courts Introduced: 1945 - 1959
• (III) Dispute Resolution between 1959 - 1976: Changing Relations between Committees and Courts
• (IV) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: The Legislative Scheme and Centralisation
• (V) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: Court Culture
• Part Three: Courts of the USSR and DRVN Compared
• (VI) The Soviet Union and its Courts
• (VII) Soviet Dispute Resolution
• (VIII) Similarities and Differences between the Soviet Court Model and the Vietnamese Court Experience
• Part Four: The Role of Legal Culture
• Similarities and Differences between the Courts of the USSR and the DRVN: Unraveling the Causes
• (XI) Parenting: The Soviet Union and Vietnam
• (XII) Contemporary Vietnamese Courts
• Appendices
• Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This publication is a world first: an English-language history of the Vietnamese court system (1945 to 2005). Drawing on a resurgent interest in comparative law generally and legal culture in particular, the publication tests the usefulness of legal culture to the investigation of dynamic court systems within socialist states. It argues that the Vietnamese 'borrowing' of the Soviet system of dispute resolution did not reproduce courts Soviet-style in Vietnam. Rather, the reading of Vietnamese courts in context reveals that while the Soviet model of court system was transplanted it was remoulded to assume Vietnamese characteristics. In explaining this divergence, the publication explores why the Vietnamese court system differs from its Soviet parent and analyses the implications of this for the ever-increasing literature on legal transplantation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of tables
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Constitutionalism and the emergence of constitutional dialogue in Vietnam
• 2. The emerging debate over constitutional review and enforcement in Vietnam
• 3. Motorbike constitutionalism: the emergence of constitutional claims in Vietnam
• 4. Economic law in the service of globalization: labor law and labor export from Vietnam
• 5. Law, the press, and police murder: the trial of Lt. Nguyen Tung Duong
• 6. Law and the regulation of civil society: nonprofit organizations, philanthropy, grassroots organizations, and the state
• 7. Testing the limits of advocacy: the emergence of public interest law in Vietnam
• 8. Donors, law and social justice in Vietnam: the uncertain promise
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book is a unique analysis of the struggle to build a rule of law in one of the world's most dynamic and vibrant nations - a socialist state that is seeking to build a market economy while struggling to pursue an ethos of social equality and opportunity. It addresses constitutional change, the assertion of constitutional claims by citizens, the formation of a strong civil society and non-profit sector, the emergence of economic law and the battles over who is benefited by the economic regulation, labor law and the protection of migrant and export labor, the rise of lawyers and public interest law, and other key topics. Alongside other countries, comparisons are made to parallel developments in another transforming socialist state, the People's Republic of China.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Overview of the Vietnamese state and legal system
• Human rights and ensuring business freedoms in Vietnam
• The civil law
• Criminal law
• Vietnamese law on investment
• Law on business organizations
• Commercial law
• Labour law
• Land law
• Tax law
• Civil relationships with foreign elements.

"This is the first book which is written on ten legal areas of the modern Vietnamese legal system and published in English language. Its authors are eleven legal scholars who are prestigious professors, associate professors and senior lecturers of the Ho Chi Minh City University of Law. The book is compiled thoroughly to express authors' effort in bringing the understanding of Vietnamese law to foreign legal scholars, experts, investors and foreigners."-- Page 5.

• Introduction
• General principles of Vietnamese private international law
• Contracts
• Tort
• General conclusion.

In Vietnam, people dependent on drugs can be held in government detention centers, where they are forced to perform menial labor for up to four years in the name of 'treatment.' Their detention is not subject to any form of judicial oversight. The result is a system of forced labor on a massive scale. This report is based upon the experiences of 34 former detainees from 14 of the 16 centers under Ho Chi Minh City administration. They describe how they were beaten with wooden truncheons, shocked with electrical batons, and deprived of food and water. Children who use drugs are also held in these centers, where they are forced to work, beaten, and abused. The report describes some of the industries profiting from so-called labor therapy. Former detainees reported being forced to work in agricultural production, manufacturing, and construction work. Some detainees received no payment for this work. Others were paid at a fraction of the minimum wage, their meager pay reduced further by charges for food, accommodation, and "managerial fees." Some international donors have funded the training of center staff in drug dependency treatment, thus undermining the need to end this abusive system. Other donors have supported health interventions inside these centers because of the high number of detainees living with HIV. However, under Vietnamese law, HIV-positive individuals in drug detention centers have a right to be released if the centers cannot provide appropriate medical care. In this way efforts to support HIV treatment in drug detention centers have had the perverse impact of enabling the centers to detain HIV-positive drug users for more time. Human Rights Watch calls on the Vietnamese government to permanently close its drug detention centers and expand access to voluntary, community-based drug dependency treatment that comports with international standards. Foreign and Vietnamese companies working with Vietnam's drug detention centers, including through sub-contractors, should cease such relationships immediately. Donors and their implementing agencies should review all funding, programming, and activities directed to assisting Vietnam's drug detention centers to ensure no funding supports policies or programs that violate international human rights law.

• Introduction
• I. Dr. Cu Huy Ha Vu's Arrest
• II. A Legal Activist
• III. Family of Noted Revolutionaries
• IV. Vigorous Responses from the Family and Defense Team
• V. Use of the Internet in the Case
• Disseminating Dr. Vu's Views
• Circulating Information in Dr. Vu's Defense
• VI. Mixed Messages: The Official Responses to Dr. Vu
• VII. The April 4 Trial
• Procedural Violations at the Trial
• VIII. Conclusion
• IX. Recommendations
• Acknowledgements
• Appendix A: Key Figures
• Family Members
• Non-Family Members
• Radio Stations, Newspapers, Websites, Journalists, and Bloggers
• Vietnamese Public Officials
• Appendix B: Chronology of Events
• Timeline of Dr. Vu's Activities Preceding his Arrest on November 5, 2010
• Timeline of Events Prior to Dr. Vu's Trial on April 4, 2011
• Appendix C: Indictment of Dr. Vu
• Appendix D: Testimony by Dr. Vu from B14 Detention Center
• Appendix E: Statement in Defense of Dr. Vu by Lawyer Le Quoc Quan
• Appendix F: Declaration by Dr. Vu.

"On November 5, 2010, Ho Chi Minh City police arrested Dr. Cu Huy Ha Vu, a prominent legal activist and scion of an influential political family. The arrest marked the end of a 17-month struggle between Dr. Vu and some of the most powerful political figures in the country, including Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung. Five months later, on April 4, 2011, the Hanoi People's Court sentenced Dr. Vu to seven years in prison on the charge of conducting propaganda against the government under article 88 of Vietnam's penal code. Critics, however, charge that Dr. Vu was imprisoned simply for exercising his right to peaceful expression. In June 2009, Dr. Vu filed a lawsuit against the prime minister for authorizing Chinese bauxite mining in Vietnam's Central Highlands, followed by a second lawsuit in October 2010 against the prime minister for prohibiting class action petitions. Dr. Vu publicly denounced high-ranking leaders for corruption and illegal activities. In June 2010, he accused Lt. Gen. Vu Hai Trieu of the Ministry of Public Security of ordering cyber-attacks against approximately 300 websites opposed by the Vietnamese government. Three months later, he alleged that Le Thanh Hai, Ho Chi Minh City Communist Party general secretary, forcibly confiscated land from the relatives of "martyred" soldiers killed during the French-Vietnam War. In the months following Dr. Vu's arrest, many sectors of Vietnamese society joined in a remarkable outpouring of support for him. Independent bloggers demanded his release in online petitions. Democratic advocacy groups, such as Bloc 8406, and local religious communities issued public statements of solidarity. Catholic parishes in Hanoi and Nam Dinh conducted candlelight vigils attended by thousands of people to pray for Dr. Vu's exoneration. Statements, appeals, and legal motions issued by his wife, the lawyer Nguyen Thi Duong Ha, and his extended family have drawn a remarkable level of public attention to the violation of Dr. Vu's rights. The Party vs. Legal Activist Cu Huy Ha Vu illuminates Dr. Vu's background, depicts his past and present activities, and exposes the Vietnamese government's campaign to silence and suppress one of its most high-profile critics. It also sheds light upon the growing capacity and resourcefulness of Vietnamese lawyers, activists, bloggers, and ordinary citizens to struggle for civil rights, due process, and freedom of speech."--P. [4] of cover.

• Introduction
• Roots and Routes
• Part One: Comparative Law, Transplantation and Courts
• (I) Comparative Law in a Post-Modern World
• Part Two: Dispute Resolution in the DRVN: 1945 - 1976
• Translating the Vietnamese System of Dispute Resolution: 1945 - 1959
• (II) Vietnamese Courts Introduced: 1945 - 1959
• (III) Dispute Resolution between 1959 - 1976: Changing Relations between Committees and Courts
• (IV) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: The Legislative Scheme and Centralisation
• (V) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: Court Culture
• Part Three: Courts of the USSR and DRVN Compared
• (VI) The Soviet Union and its Courts
• (VII) Soviet Dispute Resolution
• (VIII) Similarities and Differences between the Soviet Court Model and the Vietnamese Court Experience
• Part Four: The Role of Legal Culture
• Similarities and Differences between the Courts of the USSR and the DRVN: Unraveling the Causes
• (XI) Parenting: The Soviet Union and Vietnam
• (XII) Contemporary Vietnamese Courts
• Appendices
• Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This publication is a world first: an English-language history of the Vietnamese court system (1945 to 2005). Drawing on a resurgent interest in comparative law generally and legal culture in particular, the publication tests the usefulness of legal culture to the investigation of dynamic court systems within socialist states. It argues that the Vietnamese 'borrowing' of the Soviet system of dispute resolution did not reproduce courts Soviet-style in Vietnam. Rather, the reading of Vietnamese courts in context reveals that while the Soviet model of court system was transplanted it was remoulded to assume Vietnamese characteristics. In explaining this divergence, the publication explores why the Vietnamese court system differs from its Soviet parent and analyses the implications of this for the ever-increasing literature on legal transplantation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Key themes in Vietnam's constitutions and constitutional debates
• The 1946 constitution : a charter for independence and unity
• The 1959 constitution : a charter for socialism in the North
• The 1980 constitution : a charter for reunification under socialism
• The 1992 constitution : a charter for renovation (doi moi)
• Revising the 1992 constitution : debates and decisions after fifteen years of renovation (doi moi)
• Implementing constitutional guarantees : the problem of associational rights
• The problem of judicial independence in a party-dominated state
• Enforcing the constitution : the debate over "constitutional protection" and a constitutional court
• Afterword : the future of the Vietnamese constitution.

This new book examines constitutional debate and development in one of the most dynamic and rapidly changing societies in Asia, and will be of use to scholars and students of comparative constitutional law and practitioners interested in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The book discusses and analyzes the historical development, principles, doctrines and debates which comprise and shape Vietnamese constitutional law today. The chapters are written in sufficient detail for anyone coming to the subject for the first time to develop a clear and informed view of how the constitution is arranged, how it works, and the main points of debate on it in Vietnamese society. It is written in an accessible style, with an emphasis on clarity and concision. The book discusses and analyzes the origins of Vietnamese constitutional thought in indigenous, Chinese, French, Russian and other traditions; the first (1946) Constitution of independent Vietnam; Constitutional dialogue and debate in the late 1940s and 1950s, including the "Nhan van Giai pham" debates of the late 1950s; the 1959 Vietnamese Constitution; constitutional dialogue and debate in the 1960s and 1970s; the 1980 Constitution; the rise of doi moi (renovation), its implications for constitutionalism in Vietnam, and debates over constitutionalism in the 1980s; the 1992 Constitution, including the role of legislative, executive and judicial sectors, constitutional power and enforcement, constitutional rights and obligations, and other issues; constitutional dialogue and debate in the 1990s; the Constitutional debate and revision process of 2001 and the current Vietnamese Constitution (as amended); the rise of new constitutionalist movements and calls for constitutional enforcement and review in Vietnam; comparison to constitutional developments and debates in China; and concluding analysis of sixty years of the development of Vietnam's Constitution and constitutionalism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• ch. 1. Constitutionalism and the emergence of constitutional dialogue in Vietnam
• ch. 2. The emerging debate over constitutional review and enforcement in Vietnam
• ch. 3. Motorbike constitutionalism : the emergence of constitutional claims in Vietnam
• ch. 4. Economic law in the service of globalization : labor law and labor export from Vietnam
• ch. 5. Law, the press, and police murder : the trial of Lt. Nguyen Tung Duong
• ch. 6. Law and the regulation of civil society : nonprofit organizations, philanthropy, grassroots organizations, and the state
• ch. 7. Testing the limits of advocacy : the emergence of public interest law in Vietnam
• ch. 8. Donors, law and social justice in Vietnam : the uncertain promise.

This book is a unique analysis of the struggle to build a rule of law in one of the world's most dynamic and vibrant nations - a socialist state that is seeking to build a market economy while struggling to pursue an ethos of social equality and opportunity. It addresses constitutional change, the assertion of constitutional claims by citizens, the formation of a strong civil society and non-profit sector, the emergence of economic law and the battles over who is benefited by the economic regulation, labor law and the protection of migrant and export labor, the rise of lawyers and public interest law, and other key topics. Alongside other countries, comparisons are made to parallel developments in another transforming socialist state, the People's Republic of China.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Roots and Routes
• Part One: Comparative Law, Transplantation and Courts
• (I) Comparative Law in a Post-Modern World
• Part Two: Dispute Resolution in the DRVN: 1945 - 1976
• Translating the Vietnamese System of Dispute Resolution: 1945 - 1959
• (II) Vietnamese Courts Introduced: 1945 - 1959
• (III) Dispute Resolution between 1959 - 1976: Changing Relations between Committees and Courts
• (IV) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: The Legislative Scheme and Centralisation
• (V) Courts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1959 - 1976: Court Culture
• Part Three: Courts of the USSR and DRVN Compared
• (VI) The Soviet Union and its Courts
• (VII) Soviet Dispute Resolution
• (VIII) Similarities and Differences between the Soviet Court Model and the Vietnamese Court Experience
• Part Four: The Role of Legal Culture
• Similarities and Differences between the Courts of the USSR and the DRVN: Unraveling the Causes
• (XI) Parenting: The Soviet Union and Vietnam
• (XII) Contemporary Vietnamese Courts
• Appendices
• Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This publication is a world first: an English-language history of the Vietnamese court system (1945 to 2005). Drawing on a resurgent interest in comparative law generally and legal culture in particular, the publication tests the usefulness of legal culture to the investigation of dynamic court systems within socialist states. It argues that the Vietnamese 'borrowing' of the Soviet system of dispute resolution did not reproduce courts Soviet-style in Vietnam. Rather, the reading of Vietnamese courts in context reveals that while the Soviet model of court system was transplanted it was remoulded to assume Vietnamese characteristics. In explaining this divergence, the publication explores why the Vietnamese court system differs from its Soviet parent and analyses the implications of this for the ever-increasing literature on legal transplantation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Developing a legal transplant theory
• A brief history of legal transplantation into Vietnam
• Transforming socialist legal ideology
• Party leadership: The separation of party and state
• Discursive and strategic lawmaking
• Implementing imported laws
• Non-state pressure groups and legal borrowing
• The rule of law and Vietnamese relational transactions
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The first sustained analysis examining legal transplantation into East Asia, this volume examines the prospects for transplanting a 'rule of law' that will attract and sustain international trade and investment in this economically dynamic region. The book develops both a general model that explains how legal transplantation shapes legal development in the region, whilst developing theoretical insights into the political, economic and legal discourses guiding commercial law reforms in Vietnam. For the first time, this book develops a research methodology specifically designed to investigate law reform in developing East Asia. In so doing, it challenges the relevance of conventional convergence and divergence explanations for legal transplantation that have been developed in European and North American contexts. As the first finely-grained analysis of legal development in Vietnam, the book will be invaluable to academics and researchers working in this area. It will also be of interest to those involved in commercial legal theory.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The State Committee for Co-operation and the investment process. Methods of investing. Other authorities involved in the approval process. Capital contributions and financing. Foreign currency requirements for financing. Remittances. Contract law. Protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Technology transfer. Licensing of industrial property. Regulation of import/export. Labour and employment. Taxation. Environmental protection.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides an overview of the law in Vietnam and its commercial context. It examines Vietnamese foreign investment regulations and explains the legal framework for investors doing business in Vietnam. * Provides commentary on the new Civil Code effective July 1996 * Includes drafts of both the new Foreign Investment Law and the new Taxation Law * Explains extensive changes to the law of intellectual property rights, technology transfer and contract * Illustrates foreign investment regulations in practice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)