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• Introduction
• The format and opening section
• Operative section
• The investiture and final clauses
• Conclusion

"Studies of Bactrian Legal Documents deals with legal texts written in Bactrian, an eastern Middle Iranian language, between the 4th and 8th centuries AD. The work aims to give insight in the Bactrian legal formulary as well as its historical context. In order to achieve that, the author carefully examines the terms and phrases in the legal documents and clarifies their function. Then he explores the historical background of expressions and wordings. To this end, he uses documents from other regions of the Near East spanning from Egypt to Turkestan"-- Provided by publisher

• Introduction
• The format and opening section
• Operative section
• The investiture and final clauses
• Conclusion.

"Studies of Bactrian Legal Documents deals with legal texts written in Bactrian, an eastern Middle Iranian language, between the 4th and 8th centuries AD. The work aims to give insight in the Bactrian legal formulary as well as its historical context. In order to achieve that, the author carefully examines the terms and phrases in the legal documents and clarifies their function. Then he explores the historical background of expressions and wordings. To this end, he uses documents from other regions of the Near East spanning from Egypt to Turkestan."-- Provided by publisher.

• Introduction: Constitutionalism in the Post-Soviet world / Aziz Ismatov, Herbert Küpper, and Kaoru Obata
• The politics of the past and their effect on the new constitutions / Herbert Küpper
• A failure of constitutional revolutions in central Asia : traditionalism, nominalism, and rights / Aziz Ismatov
• Russian Federation interim opinion on constitutional amendments and the procedure for their adoption / European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice commission)
• Federalism and local self-government in the light of Russia's 2020 constitutional reform / Elena V. Gritsenko
• Revolutionary constitutionalism : constitutional order, contentious constitutional politics and participatory constitutional change in Ukraine since 1990 / Andriy Tyushka
• Constitutionalism in Georgia : internal contradictions and confrontations with abuse / Davit Zedelashvili
• Constitutionalism in the Republic of Armenia : contemporary challenges and prospects for evolution / Anahit Manasyan
• The constitutional development of the Republic of Azerbaijan / Ceyhun Qaracayev
• Judicial independence and accountability in Mongolia / Munkhsaikhan Odonkhuu
• The constitutional court of Korea : its role for constitutionalism / Ik-Hyeon Rhee and HwanYong Choi
• Constitutional review in the Kyrgyz Republic / Aliia Maralbaeva
• Constitutional development of Uzbekistan and Japan : comparative analysis / Akmal Saidov
• Constitutional issues of ensuring judicial independence in Uzbekistan / Botirjon Kosimov
• Constitutional control and efficiency of law making / Akmal Sodikov
• Problems of formation of legal policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan / Serikbek-Alpamysovich Murataev
• Uzbekistan's progress towards compliance with international obligations on human rights / Mirzatillo Tillabaev

• Vorwort
• Inhaltsverzeichnis
• Abkürzungen
• Ausgewählte Bibliographie
• A. Einleitung. A.1. Prolegomena. Vorbemerkungen
• Zur Fund- und Forschungsgeschichte
• Zu dieser Ausgabe
• A.2. Die Textzeugen des Kodex Ḫammu-rāpi. Die Louvre-Stele
• Steinfragmente
• Abschriften auf Tontafeln und sonstige Texte mit Bezug auf den Kodex Ḫammu-rāpi
• A.3. Kolophone, Glossen und Textbemerkungen. Übersicht über die Kolophone
• Der Text der erhaltenen Kolophone
• Glossen und Textbemerkungen
• A.4. Aufbau und Gliederungen des Kodex Ḫammu-rāpi. Zum Aufbau: Prolog--Rechtsteil--Epilog
• Einteilungen des Rechtstextes im Altertum
• Einteilung in Serientafeln
• Nebenüberlieferung: isoliert tradierter Prolog bzw. Epilog?
• Auszugs- bzw. Schülertafeln und Erwähnungen
• A.5. Zur Textüberlieferung. Chronologischer Horizont der Überlieferung
• Geographischer Horizont der Überlieferung
• Bemerkungen zum gegenseitigen Verhältnis der Texte
• A.6. Zu einigen Problemen. Steinfragmente
• Zur Rekonstruktion der Lücke auf der Louvre-Stele
• Nicht eingeordnete Fragmente
• B. Synoptische Transliteration
• C. Transkription und Übersetzung
• D. Indices. Fund- und Museumsnummern
• Konkordanz des Sigel-Systems Borgers und Abweichungen bei Roth, Sauren, Wright
• Konkordanz der Keilschriftkopien
• Konkordanz der zugänglichen Photos
• Konkordanz ausgewählter Rekonstruktionen der Lücke auf der Louvre-Stele
• E. Abbildungen. Zur Heliogravüre--problematische Zeichen
• Photos der Stele
• Kopien der Steinfragmente (nach Isma'il, Misallat)
• Photos von Tontafeln
• Kopie von T.G. Pinches.

Der "Kodex Ha̮mmu-rāpi", die unter dem altbabylonischen König Hammu-rapi im 18. Jhd. v.Chr. zusammengestellte Sammlung von Richtersprüchen, zählt zu den bedeutendsten rechtshistorischen und literarischen Werken des Alten Orients. Die von Joachim Oelsner vorgelegte Edition des Kodex Hammu-rapi bietet nun erstmals den Text sämtlicher einzelnen Textvertreter in einer synoptischen Darstellung als Partitur. Varianten und Divergenzen innerhalb des Texts können so unmittelbar überblickt und gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Zahlreiche neue, bislang unpublizierte Textvertreter konnten in die Edition integriert werden. Auch die Übersetzung trägt den Varianten und Divergenzen Rechnung. Umfangreiche philologische Kommentare ergänzen den Text und die Übersetzung. Die Einleitung erläutert die Geschichte des Textes und seiner Erforschung und widmet sich in Exkursen den bisherigen Rekonstruktionen der Lücke von mehreren Kolumnen auf der Vorderseite des Hammu-rapi-Stele des Louvre.

• Introduction
• Binding curses in classical Athens : sorcerers, agents, and litigation
• Interpersonal and group conflict in classical Athens
• Broad-based disputes in action
• Curse tablets in Athenian disputes
• Athenian curse tablets : agency and emotions
• Conclusion

"This book is a comprehensive exploration of curse tablets in the Athenian legal domain. Drawing on sociological and critical theory, Zinon Papakonstantinou outlines a framework for the interaction between curse tablets and legalities, namely in both formal and informal manifestations of the legal sphere, in Classical Athens. By delving into the complex world of Athenian daily life and disputes, Papakonstantinou argues that Athenians involved in litigation deployed binding curses as polysemic acts of conflict management and information control. They also used them as transgressive transcripts that went beyond normative or legislative taxonomies. Further, Papakonstantinou demonstrates how Athenians acting in a self-assessing and long-term agential mode employed curse tablets strategically to advance their individual agenda and position in Athenian society. As a result, Athenian legal curse tablets point to a conceptually malleable perception of "law" and "litigation" driven by utility and self-interest that clashed with claims to justice, the pursuit of the rule of law, and attitudes towards jurors articulated by litigants in Athenian forensic orations" -- Publisher's description

• Introduction
• Le terreau originel du droit africain
• Le droit positif en ancienne égypte

"Cet ouvrage explore les règles et principes de vie de l'Égypte pharaonique que l'auteur considère come le terreau originel du Droit africain. Il met parallèlement en exergue la profonde influence qu'a exercée le droit antique égyptien sur les systèmes juridiques qui dominent le monde d'aujourd'hui (Droit civil, Common Law). Par ce biais, le lecteur partisan d'un Droit africain rénové et efficient, sera au fait que bien des concepts juridiques considérés comme 'importés' en terre africaine ne sont pas étrangers à cette dernière. En se penchant sur le droit de la brillante civilisation égyptienne, droit si proche de la mentalité africaine en termes d'approche intellectuelle des problèmes d'organisation de la Cité, les juristes et législateurs africains gagneraient à s'inspirer des solutions étonnamment précoces pour l'époque que ce système avait inventées."-- Page 4 of cover

• Introduction
• Le terreau originel du droit africain
• Le droit positif en ancienne égypte

"Cet ouvrage explore les règles et principes de vie de l'Égypte pharaonique que l'auteur considère come le terreau originel du Droit africain. Il met parallèlement en exergue la profonde influence qu'a exercée le droit antique égyptien sur les systèmes juridiques qui dominent le monde d'aujourd'hui (Droit civil, Common Law). Par ce biais, le lecteur partisan d'un Droit africain rénové et efficient, sera au fait que bien des concepts juridiques considérés comme 'importés' en terre africaine ne sont pas étrangers à cette dernière. En se penchant sur le droit de la brillante civilisation égyptienne, droit si proche de la mentalité africaine en termes d'approche intellectuelle des problèmes d'organisation de la Cité, les juristes et législateurs africains gagneraient à s'inspirer des solutions étonnamment précoces pour l'époque que ce système avait inventées."--Page 4 of cover

• Tomo I. [no special title]

Il volume prende in esame gli aspetti linguistici e formali di più di mille domande di giustizia e tutela conservate dai papiri egiziani dell'epoca del principato, prevalentemente scritte in greco. Per molti secoli in Egitto, dall'epoca tolemaica fino al tardo impero romano, le petizioni indirizzate alle autorità giudiziarie impiegano una stessa struttura testuale ed espressioni ricorrenti: tale uniformit©¿ era risultato dell'uso di repertori condivisi da parte di scribi e consulenti legali. Questo studio valuta analiticamente quali corrispondenze il lessico e le formule dei documenti avevano con legislazione, convenzioni normative, lingua parlata e letteraria, e in quale modo questi fattori interagirono tra loro attraverso i secoli
Roberto Mascellari ha lavorato come ricercatore presso istituzioni accademiche italiane, americane, austriache. Ha pubblicato edizioni di papiri greci e contributi sulla lingua dei documenti legali e sulle procedure amministrative della provincia romana d'Egitto. [Testo dell'editore]
This book investigates the linguistic and formal aspects of more than a thousand requests for justice and protection preserved in Egyptian papyri of the Roman Principate, mainly written in Greek. For many centuries in Egypt, from the Ptolemaic period to the late Roman Empire, petitions addressed to the judicial authorities shared the same textual structure and made use of recurring lexical formulas. Such uniformity was the result of the adherence by scribes and legal advisers to repertoires that had wide circulation. This study evaluates the correspondence between the formulas of the petitions and legislation, normative conventions, and spoken and literary language, and how these factors interacted with each other over the centuries
Roberto Mascellari has worked as a researcher at Italian, US and Austrian academic institutions. He has published editions of Greek documentary texts and contributions on the language of the papyri and the administrative procedures of the Roman province of Egypt. [Publisher's text]

• Einleitung
• Gegenstand und Verhaben
• Hinweise zur Benutzung
• Königliche Gesetzgebung im Ptolemäerreich
• Prostagma, Diagramma, Diorthoma, Nomos
• Die Prostagmata : Definition und Typologie
• Die Arten der Überlieferung von Prostagmata
• Zur Identifizierung von Prostagmata : ... als Exklusivrecht des Königs
• Teil 1 : Die Gegenstandsbereiche der ptolemäischen Gesetzgebung
• Gesetzgebung betreffs des Militärs
• P.Hib. II 198 : Frühe Erlasse zur Militäradministration
• Die Regeln der Einquartierung
• Die Einquartierung im Ptolemäerreich
• Die Einquartierungsregeln gemäss C.Ord.Pto1. 5-10
• Ein Mahnbrief aus Soloi
• Erlasse zum Erhalt der Loyalität der Truppen
• Erlasse in Kleruchenangelegenheiten
• Regelung von Besitzrechten
• Reaktionen auf Beschwerden
• Fazit
• Die Sicherung der königlichen Einnahmen
• Geschützte Arten : Königsbauern, weitere Pächter, Monopolarbeiter
• Gesetze zum Schutz der Königsbauern und Monopolarbeiter
• Auf Vertrauensbasis : Pisteisverleihungen
• Geflügelindustrie und Asylrecht : C.Ord.Pto1. 80-83
• Miscellanea
• Komtransport
• Steuererhebung per Prostagma
• Der König und der Sklavenmarkt
• Die Verteidigung der königlichen Einnahmen vor Gericht
• Notfallmassnahmen
• "Qualitätsmanagement"
• Der Dioiket als Richter und Verteidiger der Guten Ordnung
• Amtsmissbrauch, Korruption und die Gegenmassnahmen
• Massnahmen gegen Korruption
• Massnahmen gegen Machtmissbrauch durch Amtsträger
• QM-Massnahmen und Herrschaftsverständnis
• Ursachen und Ursachenbekämpfung
• Selbstaussagen über das königliche Herrschaftsverständnis
• Addenda et Corrigenda zum bestehenden Prozessund Verwaltungsrecht
• Die Bürgschaft
• Verzögerte Folge
• Die königliche Verwaltung und das ägyptische Recht
• Eine Ergänzung der kyrenaischen Verfassung
• Zusammenfassung
• "Religionspolitik"
• Das Verhältnis des Königs zu den Tempeln, Priesterschaften und Kulten
• Das Memphisdekret : Zeugnis einer machtpolitischen Wende?
• "Religionspolitische" Erlasse des dritten Jahrhunderts
• Herrscherkult
• Erlasse für ägyptische Tempel und Kulte und allgemeine Erlasse
• "Religionspolitische" Massnahmen des zweiten und ersten Jahrhunderts
• Exkurs : zur Identität der Gottheit in C.Ord.Ptol. 47
• Fazit
• Die Asylieverleihungen des ersten Jahrhunderts
• Überblick : die Asylie im ptolemäischen Ägypten
• Asylieverleihungen : Ausverkaufköniglicher Hoheitsrechte?
• Die Grenzen der Asylie : der Oberste Bestatter Petesis und die Asylie des Sarapeions
• Der König und die heiligen Tiere
• Ptolemaios X., die Fische und der Thoeriskult
• Tierkulte, Kulttiere und die ptolemäische Verwaltung
• Die Amnestieerlasse
• Ptolemäische Amnestieerlasse : ein Überblick
• Form : performativer Kontext : Tradition
• Fazit
• Teil 2 : Entstehung, Herstellung und Wirkung der Prostagmata
• Vom König zum Adressaten : Herstellung, Verbreitung, Bewahrung
• Die Arbeitsweise der Kanzlei
• Ratifizierung durch Unterzeichnung?
• Veröffentlichung und Kenntnisnahme
• Form und Material des Aushangs
• Dauer der öffentlichen Ausstellung
• Die Sprachfrage
• Kenntnisnahme durch die Bevölkerung
• La faiblesse des édits?
• Inschriftliche Veröffentlichung
• Archivierung und Zugänglichkeit
• Ahndung und Bestrafung von Zuwiderhandlung
• Die Todesstrafe
• Königsgericht und Todesstrafe
• Dekretierende Königinnen
• Das ptolemäische Königinnentum und die Prostagmata
• Erlasse aus der Zeit Kleopatras VII.
• Autor und Empfänger von P.Bingen 45
• ... unter römischer Herrschaft?
• Zusammenfassung und Ergebnisse
• Literatur
• Anhang
• Konkordanz
• Liste der Prostagmata nach Themengruppen
• Liste der Prostagmata nach Herrschern
• Nicht behandelte Texte
• Neulesungen, Ergänzungsvorschläge
• Register
• Stellenregister
• Personen-, Orts- und Sachregister

• Lysias, To Antigenes, On the Abortion
• Lysias, On the daughter of Antiphon
• Hypereides, Against Aristagora aprostasiou, (two speeches)
• Deinarchos, That the daughters of Aristophon are not heiresses
• or, Diamartyria that the daughter of Aristophon is not an heiress
• Pericles, In Defense of Aspasia, for Impiety
• [Demosthenes] 40, To Boiotos on his mother's dowry
• Hypereides, Against Demetria, apostasiou
• Lysias, Against Diogeiton: A mother's compelling speech
• Deinarchos, Synegoria to Hegelochos, for the Epikleros, or Against Hegelohos, Synegoria on behalf of the Epikleros
• Deinarchos, Against Hedyle, apostasiou
• Lysias, To Lais
• [Deinarchos], Dispute between the priestess of Demeter and the Hierophant
• Lycurgus, On the Priestess
• Deinarchos, For an Epikleros: For the Daughter of Iophon
• Euboulides, Against the sister of Lakedaimonios, for Impiety
• Hypereides, In Defense of Mika
• Apollodoros, Against Neaira
• Lysias, For Nikomache
• Menekles, Against Ninos the Priestess, for Impiety
• Lysias, On the daughter of Onomakles
• Isaios 3, On the Estate of Pyrrhos
• Lysias, Against Philonides for Rape
• Hypereides, In Defense of Phryne
• Lysias, On the daughter of Phrynichos
• Isaios, To Satyros, on behalf of the epikleros
• Antiphon 1, Against the Stepmother
• Demosthenes, Against Theoris, for Impiety
• Hypereides, To Timandra
• Women's participation in the Athenian justice system
• Judicial procedures involving women
• Gender as a factor in the construction of the argument
• Women's Empowerment, Social Groups and the Justice System
• Appendix. The main laws affecting the lives of Athenian women
• The law on marriage
• The law on the epidikasia of citizen and metic epikleroi
• The law on the epidikasia of a poor epikleros
• The Periclean citizenship law
• The laws prohibiting mixed marriages between Athenians and non-Athenians
• The law on divorce
• The laws on adultery affecting women
• The laws on succession and inheritance directly affecting women
• The social network: the laws requiring of the archon to protect women, children and orphans from abuse of their person or property
• All priests and priestesses are equally responsible under the law.

"In the first part of the book Kapparis discusses the actual cases which included women as litigants, and the second part interprets these cases against the legal, social, economic and cultural background of classical Athens. In doing so he explores how factors such as gender, religion, women's empowerment and the rise of the Attic hetaira as a cultural icon intersected with these cases and ultimately influenced the construction of the speeches."--Provided by the publisher.

• Lysias, To Antigenes, On the Abortion
• Lysias, On the daughter of Antiphon
• Hypereides, Against Aristagora aprostasiou, (two speeches)
• Deinarchos, That the daughters of Aristophon are not heiresses
• or, Diamartyria that the daughter of Aristophon is not an heiress
• Pericles, In Defense of Aspasia, for Impiety
• [Demosthenes] 40, To Boiotos on his mother's dowry
• Hypereides, Against Demetria, apostasiou
• Lysias, Against Diogeiton: A mother's compelling speech
• Deinarchos, Synegoria to Hegelochos, for the Epikleros, or Against Hegelohos, Synegoria on behalf of the Epikleros
• Deinarchos, Against Hedyle, apostasiou
• Lysias, To Lais
• [Deinarchos], Dispute between the priestess of Demeter and the Hierophant
• Lycurgus, On the Priestess
• Deinarchos, For an Epikleros: For the Daughter of Iophon
• Euboulides, Against the sister of Lakedaimonios, for Impiety
• Hypereides, In Defense of Mika
• Apollodoros, Against Neaira
• Lysias, For Nikomache
• Menekles, Against Ninos the Priestess, for Impiety
• Lysias, On the daughter of Onomakles
• Isaios 3, On the Estate of Pyrrhos
• Lysias, Against Philonides for Rape
• Hypereides, In Defense of Phryne
• Lysias, On the daughter of Phrynichos
• Isaios, To Satyros, on behalf of the epikleros
• Antiphon 1, Against the Stepmother
• Demosthenes, Against Theoris, for Impiety
• Hypereides, To Timandra
• Women's participation in the Athenian justice system
• Judicial procedures involving women
• Gender as a factor in the construction of the argument
• Women's Empowerment, Social Groups and the Justice System
• Appendix. The main laws affecting the lives of Athenian women
• The law on marriage
• The law on the epidikasia of citizen and metic epikleroi
• The law on the epidikasia of a poor epikleros
• The Periclean citizenship law
• The laws prohibiting mixed marriages between Athenians and non-Athenians
• The law on divorce
• The laws on adultery affecting women
• The laws on succession and inheritance directly affecting women
• The social network: the laws requiring of the archon to protect women, children and orphans from abuse of their person or property
• All priests and priestesses are equally responsible under the law.

"In the first part of the book Kapparis discusses the actual cases which included women as litigants, and the second part interprets these cases against the legal, social, economic and cultural background of classical Athens. In doing so he explores how factors such as gender, religion, women's empowerment and the rise of the Attic hetaira as a cultural icon intersected with these cases and ultimately influenced the construction of the speeches."--Provided by the publisher.

• Introduction
• Cases involving women litigants
• Women's participation in the Athenian justice system
• Judicial procedures involving women
• Gender as a factor in the construction of the argument
• Women's empowerment, social groups and the justice system
• Conclusions
• Appendix: The main laws affecting the lives of Athenian women

"In the first part of the book Kapparis discusses the actual cases which included women as litigants, and the second part interprets these cases against the legal, social, economic and cultural background of classical Athens. In doing so he explores how factors such as gender, religion, women's empowerment and the rise of the Attic hetaira as a cultural icon intersected with these cases and ultimately influenced the construction of the speeches."-- Provided by the publisher

• Introduction: The people and the law : demos and nomos
• Making law and mending the constitution
• Judges and lawmakers
• "Unlawful action" (Paranoma) and the case of the Arginousai generals
• Privileged characters : Aristocrates' shield for Charidemos
• Outrage : the case against Androtion
• Overthrowing the court : the case against Timokrates' surety law
• Breaking the bargain : the case against Leptines' law -- The aftermath of Chaironeia
• The crown case comes to trial
• Law's measure

The definitive book on judicial review in Athens from the 5th through the 4th centuries BCE. The power of the court to overturn a law or decree-called judicial review-is a critical feature of modern democracies. Contemporary American judges, for example, determine what is consistent with the Constitution, though this practice is often criticized for giving unelected officials the power to strike down laws enacted by the people's representatives. This principle was actually developed more than two thousand years ago in the ancient democracy at Athens. In Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens, Edwin Carawan reassesses the accumulated evidence to construct a new model of how Athenians made law in the time of Plato and Aristotle, while examining how the courts controlled that process. Athenian juries, Carawan explains, were manned by many hundreds of ordinary citizens rather than a judicial elite. Nonetheless, in the 1890s, American apologists found vindication for judicial review in the ancient precedent. They believed that Athenian judges decided the fate of laws and decrees legalistically, focusing on fundamental text, because the speeches that survive from antiquity often involve close scrutiny of statutes attributed to lawgivers such as Solon, much as a modern appellate judge might resort to the wording of the Framers. Carawan argues that inscriptions, speeches, and fragments of lost histories make clear that text-based constitutionalism was not so compelling as the ethos of the community. Carawan explores how the judicial review process changed over time. From the restoration of democracy down to its last decades, the Athenians made significant reforms in their method of legislation, first to expedite a cumbersome process, then to revive the more rigorous safeguards. Jury selection adapted accordingly: the procedure was recast to better represent the polis, and packing the court was thwarted by a complicated lottery. But even as the system evolved, the debate remained much the same: laws and decrees were measured by a standard crafted in the image of the people. Offering a comprehensive account of the ancient origins of an important political institution through philological methods, rhetorical analysis of ancient arguments, and comparisons between models of judicial review in ancient Greece and the modern United States, Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens is an innovative study of ancient Greek law and democracy.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Abbreviations and Conventions Introduction: The People and the Law-Demos and Nomos Part I. Legislative Procedure and Court Control
• Chapter 1. Making Law and Mending the Constitution
• Chapter 2. Judges and Lawmakers
• Chapter 3. "Unlawful Acts" (Paranoma) and the Case of the Arginousai Generals Part II. The Constitutional Window
• Chapter 4. Privileged Characters: Aristokrates' Shield for Charidemos
• Chapter 5. Outrage: The Case against Androtion
• Chapter 6. Overthrowing the Court: The Case against Timokrates' Surety Law
• Chapter 7. Breaking the Bargain: The Case against Leptines' Law Part III. The Crown Case and Its Antecedents
• Chapter 8. The Aftermath of Chaironeia
• Chapter 9. The Crown Case Comes to Trial Conclusion: Law's Measure Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The definitive book on judicial review in Athens from the 5th through the 4th centuries BCE. The power of the court to overturn a law or decree-called judicial review-is a critical feature of modern democracies. Contemporary American judges, for example, determine what is consistent with the Constitution, though this practice is often criticized for giving unelected officials the power to strike down laws enacted by the people's representatives. This principle was actually developed more than two thousand years ago in the ancient democracy at Athens. In Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens, Edwin Carawan reassesses the accumulated evidence to construct a new model of how Athenians made law in the time of Plato and Aristotle, while examining how the courts controlled that process. Athenian juries, Carawan explains, were manned by many hundreds of ordinary citizens rather than a judicial elite. Nonetheless, in the 1890s, American apologists found vindication for judicial review in the ancient precedent. They believed that Athenian judges decided the fate of laws and decrees legalistically, focusing on fundamental text, because the speeches that survive from antiquity often involve close scrutiny of statutes attributed to lawgivers such as Solon, much as a modern appellate judge might resort to the wording of the Framers. Carawan argues that inscriptions, speeches, and fragments of lost histories make clear that text-based constitutionalism was not so compelling as the ethos of the community. Carawan explores how the judicial review process changed over time. From the restoration of democracy down to its last decades, the Athenians made significant reforms in their method of legislation, first to expedite a cumbersome process, then to revive the more rigorous safeguards. Jury selection adapted accordingly: the procedure was recast to better represent the polis, and packing the court was thwarted by a complicated lottery. But even as the system evolved, the debate remained much the same: laws and decrees were measured by a standard crafted in the image of the people. Offering a comprehensive account of the ancient origins of an important political institution through philological methods, rhetorical analysis of ancient arguments, and comparisons between models of judicial review in ancient Greece and the modern United States, Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens is an innovative study of ancient Greek law and democracy.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Abbreviations and Conventions Introduction: The People and the Law-Demos and Nomos Part I. Legislative Procedure and Court Control
• Chapter 1. Making Law and Mending the Constitution
• Chapter 2. Judges and Lawmakers
• Chapter 3. "Unlawful Acts" (Paranoma) and the Case of the Arginousai Generals Part II. The Constitutional Window
• Chapter 4. Privileged Characters: Aristokrates' Shield for Charidemos
• Chapter 5. Outrage: The Case against Androtion
• Chapter 6. Overthrowing the Court: The Case against Timokrates' Surety Law
• Chapter 7. Breaking the Bargain: The Case against Leptines' Law Part III. The Crown Case and Its Antecedents
• Chapter 8. The Aftermath of Chaironeia
• Chapter 9. The Crown Case Comes to Trial Conclusion: Law's Measure Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The definitive book on judicial review in Athens from the 5th through the 4th centuries BCE. The power of the court to overturn a law or decree-called judicial review-is a critical feature of modern democracies. Contemporary American judges, for example, determine what is consistent with the Constitution, though this practice is often criticized for giving unelected officials the power to strike down laws enacted by the people's representatives. This principle was actually developed more than two thousand years ago in the ancient democracy at Athens. In Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens, Edwin Carawan reassesses the accumulated evidence to construct a new model of how Athenians made law in the time of Plato and Aristotle, while examining how the courts controlled that process. Athenian juries, Carawan explains, were manned by many hundreds of ordinary citizens rather than a judicial elite. Nonetheless, in the 1890s, American apologists found vindication for judicial review in the ancient precedent. They believed that Athenian judges decided the fate of laws and decrees legalistically, focusing on fundamental text, because the speeches that survive from antiquity often involve close scrutiny of statutes attributed to lawgivers such as Solon, much as a modern appellate judge might resort to the wording of the Framers. Carawan argues that inscriptions, speeches, and fragments of lost histories make clear that text-based constitutionalism was not so compelling as the ethos of the community. Carawan explores how the judicial review process changed over time. From the restoration of democracy down to its last decades, the Athenians made significant reforms in their method of legislation, first to expedite a cumbersome process, then to revive the more rigorous safeguards. Jury selection adapted accordingly: the procedure was recast to better represent the polis, and packing the court was thwarted by a complicated lottery. But even as the system evolved, the debate remained much the same: laws and decrees were measured by a standard crafted in the image of the people. Offering a comprehensive account of the ancient origins of an important political institution through philological methods, rhetorical analysis of ancient arguments, and comparisons between models of judicial review in ancient Greece and the modern United States, Control of the Laws in the Ancient Democracy at Athens is an innovative study of ancient Greek law and democracy.
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• Introduction
• Democracy
• Performance
• Negotiation
• Rhetoric
• Rules and relevance
• Justice
• Public interest
• The rule of law
• The success of democratic law

The democratic legal system created by the Athenians was completely controlled by ordinary citizens, with no judges, lawyers, or jurists involved. It placed great importance on the litigants' rhetorical performances. Did this make it nothing more than a rhetorical contest judged by largely uneducated citizens that had nothing to do with law, a criticism that some, including Plato, have made? Michael Gagarin argues to the contrary, contending that the Athenians both controlled litigants' performances and incorporated many other unusual features into their legal system, including rules for interrogating slaves and swearing an oath. The Athenians, Gagarin shows, adhered to the law as they understood it, which was a set of principles more flexible than our current understanding allows. The Athenians also insisted that their legal system serve the ends of justice and benefit the city and its people. In this way, the law ultimately satisfied most Athenians and probably produced just results as often as modern legal systems do. Comprehensive and wide-ranging, Democratic Law in Classical Athens offers a new perspective for viewing a legal system that was democratic in a way only the Athenians could achieve.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)